Wikipedia

Eurasian backflow

The term Eurasian backflow, or Eurasian back-migrations, has been used to describe several pre-Neolithic and Neolithic migration events of humans from western Eurasia back to Africa.[1]

Pre-Neolithic and Neolithic migration events in Africa.[2]

Homo sapiens had left Africa about 70-50,000 years ago,[3][4][5] and between 30,000-15,000 years ago migrated back from the Middle East into Northern Africa. About 3,000 years ago,[6][7] or already earlier between 6,000-5,000 years ago,[8] farmers from Anatolia and the Near East migrated into the Horn of Africa. Signs of this migration can be found in the genomes of contemporary peoples from all over East Africa.[1][9] Next to Eastern Africa, significant Eurasian ancestry is found in Northern Africa, and among specific ethnic groups of the Horn of Africa, as well as among the Malagasy people of Madagascar. Various genome studies found also evidence for multiple pre-historic back-migrations from various Eurasian populations and subsequent admixture with native groups.[10] West-Eurasian geneflow arrived to Northern Africa during the Paleolithic, followed by other Neolithic migration events.[6] Genetic data on the Taforalt samples "demonstrated that Northern Africa received significant amounts of gene-flow from Eurasia predating the Holocene and development of farming practices".[11] Medieval geneflow events, such as the Arab expansion also left traces in various African populations, but with Neolithization having a much larger demographic impact than Arabization.[12]

The people migrating back to Africa were closely related to the Neolithic farmers who had brought agriculture from the Near East to Europe about 7,000 years ago. This population is also closely related to present-day Sardinians,[1] although studies have made distinctions between the population that brought farming into Europe, and the Levantine related groups that spread southward into East Africa.[13] A study from 2020 inferred two sources for the spread of Eurasian admixture in Northeastern Africa, with one associated with pastoralism. The initial phase involved groups originating from the Levant and North Africa that gave rise to the Pastoral Neolithic.[14] Further research has shown that the back-migration into the region was a complex process, identifying multiple origins for the Eurasian component in Northeast African groups today.[15][16]

Map of major prefarming population stratification across the African continent.[17]

A report in November 2015 on a 4,500-year-old Ethiopian genome[18][19] had originally overestimated the genetic influence of the Eurasian backflow, claiming that signs of the migration could be found in genomes all over Africa. This mistaken claim was based on a data-processing error and was corrected in February 2016. The West Asian admixture was only predominant in the populations of the Horn of Africa, in particular Ethiopian highlanders, and less relevant or absent in the genetic makeup of West and Central Africans.[9]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c "Ancient genome from Africa sequenced for the first time". Popular Archeology. 8 October 2015.
  2. ^ Vicente, Mário; Schlebusch, Carina M (2020-06-01). "African population history: an ancient DNA perspective". Current Opinion in Genetics & Development. Genetics of Human Origin. 62: 8–15. doi:10.1016/j.gde.2020.05.008. ISSN 0959-437X. PMID 32563853. S2CID 219974966.
  3. ^ Posth C, Renaud G, Mittnik M, Drucker DG, Rougier H, Cupillard C, et al. (2016). "Pleistocene Mitochondrial Genomes Suggest a Single Major Dispersal of Non-Africans and a Late Glacial Population Turnover in Europe". Current Biology. 26 (6): 827–833. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.01.037. hdl:2440/114930. PMID 26853362. S2CID 140098861.
  4. ^ Karmin M, Saag L, Vicente M, Wilson Sayres MA, Järve M, Talas UG, et al. (April 2015). "A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture". Genome Research. 25 (4): 459–66. doi:10.1101/gr.186684.114. PMC 4381518. PMID 25770088.
  5. ^ Haber M, Jones AL, Connell BA, Arciero E, Yang H, Thomas MG, et al. (August 2019). "A Rare Deep-Rooting D0 African Y-Chromosomal Haplogroup and Its Implications for the Expansion of Modern Humans Out of Africa". Genetics. 212 (4): 1421–1428. doi:10.1534/genetics.119.302368. PMC 6707464. PMID 31196864.
  6. ^ a b Pickrell, Joseph K.; Patterson, Nick; Loh, Po-Ru; Lipson, Mark; Berger, Bonnie; Stoneking, Mark; Pakendorf, Brigitte; Reich, David (2014-02-18). "Ancient west Eurasian ancestry in southern and eastern Africa". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 111 (7): 2632–2637. doi:10.1073/pnas.1313787111. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3932865. PMID 24550290.
  7. ^ Haber, Marc; Mezzavilla, Massimo; Bergström, Anders; Prado-Martinez, Javier; Hallast, Pille; Saif-Ali, Riyadh; Al-Habori, Molham; Dedoussis, George; Zeggini, Eleftheria; Blue-Smith, Jason; Wells, R. Spencer; Xue, Yali; Zalloua, Pierre A.; Tyler-Smith, Chris (December 2016). "Chad Genetic Diversity Reveals an African History Marked by Multiple Holocene Eurasian Migrations" (PDF). The American Journal of Human Genetics. 99 (6): 1316–1324. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.10.012. PMC 5142112. PMID 27889059. S2CID 38169172.
  8. ^ Vicente, Mário; Schlebusch, Carina M (2020-06-01). "African population history: an ancient DNA perspective". Current Opinion in Genetics & Development. Genetics of Human Origin. 62: 8–15. doi:10.1016/j.gde.2020.05.008. ISSN 0959-437X. PMID 32563853. S2CID 219974966.
  9. ^ a b "Error found in study of first ancient African genome". Nature News & Comment. 29 January 2016.
  10. ^ Busby GB, Band G, Si Le Q, Jallow M, Bougama E, Mangano VD, et al. (June 2016). "Admixture into and within sub-Saharan Africa". eLife. 5. doi:10.7554/eLife.15266. PMC 4915815. PMID 27324836.
  11. ^ van de Loosdrecht, Marieke; Bouzouggar, Abdeljalil; Humphrey, Louise; Posth, Cosimo; Barton, Nick; Aximu-Petri, Ayinuer; Nickel, Birgit; Nagel, Sarah; Talbi, El Hassan; El Hajraoui, Mohammed Abdeljalil; Amzazi, Saaïd; Hublin, Jean-Jacques; Pääbo, Svante; Schiffels, Stephan; Meyer, Matthias (2018-05-04). "Pleistocene North African genomes link Near Eastern and sub-Saharan African human populations". Science. 360 (6388): 548–552. doi:10.1126/science.aar8380. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 29545507. S2CID 206666517.
  12. ^ Serra-Vidal, Gerard; Lucas-Sanchez, Marcel; Fadhlaoui-Zid, Karima; Bekada, Asmahan; Zalloua, Pierre; Comas, David (2019-11-18). "Heterogeneity in Palaeolithic Population Continuity and Neolithic Expansion in North Africa". Current Biology. 29 (22): 3953–3959.e4. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.09.050. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 31679935. S2CID 204972040.
  13. ^ Lazaridis, Iosif; Nadel, Dani; Rollefson, Gary; Merrett, Deborah C.; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Fernandes, Daniel; Novak, Mario; Gamarra, Beatriz; Sirak, Kendra; Connell, Sarah; Stewardson, Kristin; Harney, Eadaoin; Fu, Qiaomei; Gonzalez-Fortes, Gloria (2016-08-25). "Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East". Nature. 536 (7617): 419–424. doi:10.1038/nature19310. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 5003663. PMID 27459054.
  14. ^ Vicente, Mário; Schlebusch, Carina M (2020-06-01). "African population history: an ancient DNA perspective". Current Opinion in Genetics & Development. Genetics of Human Origin. 62: 8–15. doi:10.1016/j.gde.2020.05.008. ISSN 0959-437X. PMID 32563853. S2CID 219974966.
  15. ^ Hammarén, Rickard; Goldstein, Steven T.; Schlebusch, Carina M. (2022-08-28). "Eurasian back-migrations into Northeast Africa was a complex and multifaceted process": 2022.08.27.505526. doi:10.1101/2022.08.27.505526. S2CID 251956429. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  16. ^ Hammarén, Rickard; Goldstein, Steven T.; Schlebusch, Carina M. (2023-11-08). "Eurasian back-migration into Northeast Africa was a complex and multifaceted process". PLOS ONE. 18 (11): e0290423. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0290423. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 10631636. PMID 37939042.
  17. ^ Schlebusch, Carina M.; Jakobsson, Mattias (2018-08-31). "Tales of Human Migration, Admixture, and Selection in Africa". Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics. 19 (1): 405–428. doi:10.1146/annurev-genom-083117-021759. ISSN 1527-8204.
  18. ^ Callaway, Ewen (2015-10-08). "First ancient African genome reveals vast Eurasian migration". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2015.18531. ISSN 1476-4687. S2CID 181867810.
  19. ^ Llorente, M. Gallego; Jones, E. R.; Eriksson, A.; Siska, V.; Arthur, K. W.; Arthur, J. W.; Curtis, M. C.; Stock, J. T.; Coltorti, M. (2015-11-13). "Ancient Ethiopian genome reveals extensive Eurasian admixture in Eastern Africa". Science. 350 (6262): 820–822. doi:10.1126/science.aad2879. hdl:2318/1661894. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 26449472.
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