| Name | Esculentin-2CHa |
|---|---|
| Length | 37 |
| Mass | 3841.1044 |
| Isoelectric point (pI) | 10.44 |
| Net charge | +5 |
| Hydrophobicity | +30.36 Kcal * mol−1 |
| Extinction coefficient 1(*) | 125 M−1 * cm−1 |
| Extinction coefficient 2 (*) | 0 M−1 * cm−1 |
| Sequence | GFSSIFRGVAKFASKGLGKDLAKLGVDLVACKISKQC |
Esculentin-2CHa (from Latin ēsculentus (“edible; nutritious; full of food”)) is an antimicrobial peptide located outside the epithelial cell's membrane of the skin of many species of amphibians, such as Rana chiricahuensis. This peptide has recently become more important due to its defense response function and its possible application in the treatment of various human pathologies, that range from type 2 diabetes to bacterial and fungi infections. Esculentin-2CHa is a peptide that belongs to the Esculentin-2 family, which is known for its broad-spectrum of antimicrobial activity and its low cytotoxicity to human erythrocytes. However, not much is known about its structures and their relation to the functions these peptides carry out.
(*) The molar extinction is calculated by the number of tyrosines (Y), and the number of disulfide bonding pairs (cystines). Then the following formula is used to calculate the first extinction coefficient: W*5500 + Y*1490 + cystines*125. This calculation assumes that all cysteines pair into cystines. The second version assumes that all cysteines are reduced and there are no cystines, thus it is calculated as W*5500 + Y*1490.[1]
Origin
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Esculentin-2CHa is a cytotoxic peptide with potent antibacterial and antifungal activity that can be found in the skin secretions from many species of Anura (frogs and toads). These kind of secretions include a wide variety of components of great importance due to their applications at anti-infective and anti-cancer drugs development.[citation needed]
Frogs from family Ranidae, also known as "the true frogs", are one of the richest sources of esculentin-2CHa and hundreds of other antimicrobial peptides. The 347 currently recognised species that compose the family Ranidae[2] are widely distributed around the world. Esculentin-2 was removed for the first time from the skin of the frog Rana esculenta, native to Eurasia.[3] Peptides with similar structure have also been identified in other Eurasian and North American species.[citation needed]
Esculentin-2CHa was particularly found at the secretions of the Chiricahua leopard frog Lithobates chiricahuensis,[4] endemic to Mexico, Arizona and New Mexico (USA).
Structure
editPrimary structure
editEsculentin-2CHa is constituted by thirty-seven amino acids. These amino acids have different characteristics; some are aliphatic and hydrophobic like Alanine and Leucine. Others, for example Phenylalanine, are aromatic and hydrophobic; therefore, they repel water. There are also positively charged amino acids (Arginine and Lysine) and a negatively charged one (Aspartic acid). The rest are polar compounds with no charge (Serine, Cysteine and Glutamine).[citation needed]
Secondary structure
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Esculentin's secondary structure follows an alpha-helical model, specifically in the central to the C-terminal region (residues 17-33) of the peptide. This conformation is the one that has the most probability based on the helix/coli transition theory.[5] There are different modifications of the peptide that have been studied, for instance, the deletion or replacement of Cys31 and Cys37 of the cyclic domain at the C-terminus region by the isosteric l-serine . This change causes a decrease of the helicity of the analog.[citation needed]
On the other hand, there are some fragments that maintain the extended-helical conformation and others that don't, when domains from the N-terminus of the peptide are removed. Though these analogs preserve the hydrophobicity and cationicity characteristic of esculentin-2CHa.[citation needed]
Other analogs that were studied had a helical form shorter than the original peptide and a higher charge at pH=7 (+9), when Asp20 and Asp27 residues were replaced by l-lysine.[6]
Tertiary structure
editDue to the recent discovery of this peptide, there's not enough information about its third and fourth structure.
Function
editThe principal functions, and the ones esculentin-2CHa is very remarkable for are:
- Antibacterial and antifungal activity
- Permeabilization of mammalian cells by interacting with the cell's membrane in a non-specific way
- Toxicity against non-small cell lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells
- Decrease of glucagon and plasma GLP-1
Esculentin-2CHa shows a potent growth-inhibitory activity against some of the reference strains of Gram-negative bacteria, such as Escherichia Coli, and multi-drug resistant strains of Acinetobacter baumannii, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Staphylococcus aureus. That is why this peptide is a candidate for anti-infective drug development.[7]
In addition to that, it has been demonstrated that thanks to esculentin-2CHa mouse lymphoid cells stimulate the production of interleukin-10. Interleukin-10 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine that contributes to the homeostatic maintenance of the organism by controlling the host immune response to pathogens.[8] Even though esculentin-2CHa exhibits high cytotoxicity against human non-small lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells, it presents a low profile of toxicity towards human erythrocytes.[9]
Biological applications
editSome emerging strains of pathogenic bacteria develop a resistance to antibiotics that are commonly used. Similarly, tumors can become unresponsive to chemotherapy. This resistance to multidrug treatments raised interest in finding new drugs that were capable of fighting these bacteria and tumors in a way that does not harm significantly the well functioning human cells.[citation needed]
That is why esculentin-2CHa, as a peptide with antibacterial and anticancer activity, and a low profile of toxicity against human erythrocytes, is a candidate for anti-infective drug development.[citation needed]
A use of this peptide has also been linked to the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
Esculentin-2CHa for type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
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It has been shown that esculentin-2CHa administration in NIH Swiss mice following a high-fat diet reduced their body weight and blood glucose levels as well as insulin sensitivity by decreasing the glucagon and the plasma GLP-1, parameters that were increased due to the high fat diet. These studies lead to the hypothesis that esculentin-2-CHa could be a very interesting drug to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus.[10]
The treatment with this peptide did not show negative effects such as alteration of the bone mineral density or a liver dysfunction, which would have indicated toxicity.[citation needed]
Furthermore, Esculentin-2CHa helps to promote beta cell proliferation and their survival. This fact is very important because such type of cells, which can be found in the pancreas, are responsible for the storage and release of the insulin hormone.
It has been reported that esculentin-2CHa commands direct stimulatory actions on beta cells, implying peptide incorporation, KATP-independent membrane depolarization and incrementation of intracellular Ca+2, that ends up in the insulin hormone exocytosis.[11] Therefore, esculentin-2CHa promotes the secretion of insulin to the blood, helping to reduce the glucose concentration in this tissue.
References
edit- ^ "William Wimley, PhD".
- ^ "Amphibian Species of the World". research.amnh.org. Retrieved 2017-10-22.
- ^ Simmaco M, Mignogna G, Barra D, Bossa F (April 1994). "Antimicrobial peptides from skin secretions of Rana esculenta. Molecular cloning of cDNAs encoding esculentin and brevinins and isolation of new active peptides". J. Biol. Chem. 269 (16): 11956–61. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)32666-2. PMID 8163497.
- ^ Conlon JM, Mechkarska M, Coquet L, Jouenne T, Leprince J, Vaudry H, Kolodziejek J, Nowotny N, King JD (April 2011). "Characterization of antimicrobial peptides in skin secretions from discrete populations of Lithobates chiricahuensis (Ranidae) from central and southern Arizona". Peptides. 32 (4): 664–9. doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2011.01.018. PMID 21262304. S2CID 45910092.
- ^ Muñoz V, Serrano L (June 1994). "Elucidating the folding problem of helical peptides using empirical parameters". Nat. Struct. Biol. 1 (6): 399–409. doi:10.1038/nsb0694-399. PMID 7664054. S2CID 26810457.
- ^ Attoub, Samir; Mechkarska, Milena; Sonnevend, Agnes; Radosavljevic, Gordana; Jovanovic, Ivan; Lukic, Miodrag L.; Conlon, J. Michael (2013-01-01). "Esculentin-2CHa: A host-defense peptide with differential cytotoxicity against bacteria, erythrocytes and tumor cells". Peptides. 39 (Supplement C): 95–102. doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2012.11.004. PMID 23159562. S2CID 11161183.
- ^ Yeung AT, Gellatly SL, Hancock RE (July 2011). "Multifunctional cationic host defence peptides and their clinical applications". Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 68 (13): 2161–76. doi:10.1007/s00018-011-0710-x. PMC 11114888. PMID 21573784. S2CID 19899780.
- ^ Iyer, Shankar Subramanian; Cheng, Genhong (2012). "Role of Interleukin 10 Transcriptional Regulation in Inflammation and Autoimmune Disease". Critical Reviews in Immunology. 32 (1): 23–63. doi:10.1615/critrevimmunol.v32.i1.30. ISSN 1040-8401. PMC 3410706. PMID 22428854.
- ^ Attoub, Samir; Mechkarska, Milena; Sonnevend, Agnes; Radosavljevic, Gordana; Jovanovic, Ivan; Lukic, Miodrag L.; Conlon, J. Michael (January 2013). "Esculentin-2CHa: a host-defense peptide with differential cytotoxicity against bacteria, erythrocytes and tumor cells". Peptides. 39: 95–102. doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2012.11.004. ISSN 1873-5169. PMID 23159562. S2CID 11161183.
- ^ Vasu, Srividya; Ojo, Opeolu O.; Moffett, R. Charlotte; Conlon, J. Michael; Flatt, Peter R.; Abdel-Wahab, Yasser H. A. (2017-10-01). "Anti-diabetic actions of esculentin-2CHa(1–30) and its stable analogues in a diet-induced model of obesity-diabetes". Amino Acids. 49 (10): 1705–1717. doi:10.1007/s00726-017-2469-3. ISSN 0939-4451. PMID 28836148. S2CID 3704334.
- ^ Vasu S, McGahon MK, Moffett RC, Curtis TM, Conlon JM, Abdel-Wahab YH, Flatt PR (March 2017). "Esculentin-2CHa(1-30) and its analogues: stability and mechanisms of insulinotropic action" (PDF). J. Endocrinol. 232 (3): 423–435. doi:10.1530/JOE-16-0453. PMID 28115493.