Erysiphe heraclei is a plant pathogen that causes powdery mildew on several species including dill, carrot and parsley.[3]

Erysiphe heraclei
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Leotiomycetes
Order: Erysiphales
Family: Erysiphaceae
Genus: Erysiphe
Species:
E. heraclei
Binomial name
Erysiphe heraclei
DC. (1815)[1]
Synonyms[2]
List
    • Alphitomorpha heraclei (DC.) Wallr., (1819)
    • Alphitomorpha communis var. umbelliferarum Wallr.
    • Erysiphe communis f. umbelliferarum Jacz., (1896)
    • Erysiphe martii f. angelicae H.A. Dietr.
    • Erysiphe martii f. carvi H.A. Dietr.
    • Erysiphe martii e umbelliferarum Lév., (1851)
    • Erysiphe pisi var. heraclei (DC.) Ialongo, (1992)
    • Erysiphe umbelliferarum de Bary, (1870)
    • Erysiphe umbelliferarum f. aegopodii Jacz., (1926)
    • Erysiphe umbelliferarum f. aethusae Jacz., (1926)
    • Erysiphe umbelliferarum f. anethi Jacz., (1926)
    • Erysiphe umbelliferarum f. angelicae (H.A. Dietr.) Jacz., (1926)
    • Erysiphe umbelliferarum f. anthrisci Jacz., (1926)
    • Erysiphe umbelliferarum f. apii Jacz., (1926)
    • Erysiphe umbelliferarum f. aulacospermi Vasyag., (1961)
    • Erysiphe umbelliferarum f. cachrydis Vasyag., (1961)
    • Erysiphe umbelliferarum f. carvi (H.A. Dietr.) Jacz., (1926)
    • Erysiphe umbelliferarum f. caucalidis Jacz., (1926)
    • Erysiphe umbelliferarum f. chaerophylli Jacz., (1926)
    • Erysiphe umbelliferarum f. cicutae Jacz., (1926)
    • Erysiphe umbelliferarum f. conii Jacz., (1926)
    • Erysiphe umbelliferarum f. conioselini Shvartsman, (1961)
    • Erysiphe umbelliferarum f. dauci Jacz., (1926)
    • Erysiphe umbelliferarum f. eryngii Jacz., (1926)
    • Erysiphe umbelliferarum f. falcariae Jacz., (1926)
    • Erysiphe umbelliferarum f. ferulae Golovin, (1961)
    • Erysiphe umbelliferarum f. golenkinianthes Jacz., (1926)
    • Erysiphe umbelliferarum f. hippomarathri Jacz., (1926)
    • Erysiphe umbelliferarum f. ligustici Jacz., (1926)
    • Erysiphe umbelliferarum f. myrrhidis Jacz., (1926)
    • Erysiphe umbelliferarum f. orlayae Jacz., (1926)
    • Erysiphe umbelliferarum f. pastinacae Hammarl., (1925)
    • Erysiphe umbelliferarum f. peucedani Jacz., (1926)
    • Erysiphe umbelliferarum f. phloiodocarpi Jacz., (1926)
    • Erysiphe umbelliferarum f. physospermi Jacz., (1926)
    • Erysiphe umbelliferarum f. pleurospermi Jacz., (1926)
    • Erysiphe umbelliferarum f. scandicis Jacz., (1926)
    • Erysiphe umbelliferarum f. selini Jacz., (1926)
    • Erysiphe umbelliferarum f. seseli Jacz., (1926)
    • Erysiphe umbelliferarum f. silai Jacz., (1926)
    • Erysiphe umbelliferarum f. smyrnii Jacz., (1926)
    • Erysiphe umbelliferarum f. thapsiae Jacz., (1926)
    • Erysiphe umbelliferarum f. tordylii Jacz., (1926)
    • Erysiphe umbelliferarum f. torilidis Hammarl., (1925)
    • Ischnochaeta heraclei (DC.) Sawada, (1951)

History

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It was originally found in 1815, on the leaves of a species of Heracleum in France.[2] It was found in Australia in New South Wales in 2007 then it spread to Tasmania and South Australia in 2008.[4]

Importance

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Erysiphe heraclei is no different than your typical powdery mildew as it shares many of the important traits that make it a plant disease worth paying attention too. In the case of powdery mildew of carrots yield loss is a very typical result of an infection, as well as the reduction of the ability to mechanically pull carrots from the ground during harvest due to leaf damage.[5] The effects of yield lost are felt most with early infections, for carrots there has been a noted difference in disease expression and harshness across growing operations. In some experimental trials carrots who had no control measures against Erysiphe heraclei experience yield losses of 20%. Powdery mildew of carrots can also infect other plants as well. It has shown to infect certain celery, parsley, dill, chervil and parsnip strains as well.[6][7]

Disease cycle

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Erysiphe heraclei causes powdery mildew of carrots. It closely follows the standard life cycle of powdery mildews. Erysiphe heraclei is considered an obligate biotroph, which means it needs a living host to survive and feeds on living plant tissue. This characteristic is an important part for why the powdery mildew life cycle is what it is. The first stage in the disease cycle starts in the spring where the overwintering inoculum become exposed to ideal conditions. The inoculum overwinter in fungal fruiting bodies called cleistothecia (OSU, 2008).[6] The cleistothecia then releases airborne spores called ascospores into the environment, which will serve as the primary inoculum during the growing season. The ascospores are then dispersed by the wind, or water where they then germinate on any leaf tissue they can find. It enters the plant by the use of a germ tube, giving the spore access to the inside of the plant. Once on the host plant another type of spore called, conidia are produced (McGrath, Cornell). The conidia then serve as the “secondary inoculum” for the disease and infect the plant further or other nearby plants for the rest of the growing season. Due to having this “secondary inoculum” this makes powdery mildew of carrots a polycyclic disease since it is able to infect further on in the growing season past the primary inoculum. The surviving conidia then overwinter and serve as primary inoculum in the spring to start the cycle all over again.

Management

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Multiple management strategies are used for the control of Erysiphe heraclei. Chemical controls are the most popular method of control and include a variety of fungicides. Common fungicides used by growers include Bravo, which provides contact control of the disease. While other fungicides provide mobile control such as Quilt, Endura, Tilt, and others (McGrath, 2013).[5] The most important aspect when it comes to applying fungicides is timing. In order for the fungicides to be as effective as possible they should be applied very early in the season and when conditions for Erysiphe heraclei are ideal (high temp, high moisture). Another key tip to remember when using fungicides is proper rotation of fungicides in order to prevent disease resistance. Aside from chemical control, mulching can also be used to minimize drought stress the plant may get during the growing season, by reducing the stress on the plant it makes it less susceptible to diseases overall.[4]

References

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  1. ^ DC., Fl. franç., Edn 3 (Paris) 5/6: 107 (1815)
  2. ^ a b "Species Fungorum - GSD Species". www.speciesfungorum.org. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
  3. ^ "Erysiphe heraclei – Plant Parasites of Europe". bladmineerders.nl. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
  4. ^ a b Watson, Andrew (September 2009). "Powdery mildew – a new disease of carrots" (PDF). Primefact. State of New South Wales through Department of Industry and Investment (Industry & Investment NSW) 2009. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
  5. ^ a b "Vegetable Diseases Cornell", vegetablemdonline.ppath.cornell.edu, 2018, http://vegetablemdonline.ppath.cornell.edu/NewsArticles/Carrot_Powdery.html. Accessed 10 Dec 2018.
  6. ^ a b "Powdery Mildew Of Grape", ohioline.osu.edu, 2018, https://ohioline.osu.edu/factsheet/plpath-fru-37. Accessed 10 Dec 2018.
  7. ^ Rodríguez-Alvarado, G.; Rodríguez-Fernández, R.; Soto-Plancarte, A.; Fernández-Pavía, S.P. (April 2010). "First Report of Powdery Mildew on Carrot Caused by Erysiphe heraclei in Michoacan, Mexico Affiliations Published Online:4 Mar 2010https://doi.org/". Plant Disease. 94 (4). doi:10.1094/PDIS-94-4-0483B. PMID 30754489.

Other sources

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