El Mono Azul (Spanish: Blue Overalls) was an anti-fascist magazine which was published in Madrid during the Spanish Civil War. The magazine existed between 1936 and 1939 and was one of the major cultural, intellectual and artistic publications during the war with the subtitle hoja semanal de la Alianza de Intelectuales Antifascista para la Defensa de la Cultura (Spanish: Weekly publication of the Alliance of Anti-fascist Intellectuals for the Defense of Culture).[1]
._Publicaci%C3%B3n_de_la_Alianza_de_Intelectuales_Antifascistas_para_la_defensa_de_la_cultura.jpg) Cover page dated 8 July 1937 | |
| Categories | Cultural magazine |
|---|---|
| Frequency |
|
| Founder | |
| Founded | 1936 |
| First issue | 27 August 1936 |
| Final issue | February 1939 |
| Country | Spain |
| Based in | Madrid |
| Language | Spanish |
History and profile edit
El Mono Azul was started in Madrid in 1936 by the Alliance of Anti-Fascist Intellectuals led by communist writers Rafael Alberti and María Teresa León at the beginning of the Civil War.[1][2][3] The Alliance was part of the Republican side of the groups fighting in the civil war.[4] El Mono Azul functioned as the propaganda organ for the group.[5]
The first issue of the magazine appeared on 27 August 1936,[6][7] a month after the start of the civil war.[5] From its start to November 1936 it was published every Thursday on a weekly basis.[6] In the period December 1936–February 1937 El Mono Azul temporarily ceased publication and was restarted on 11 February.[6] It became a section of the weekly newspaper La Voz in June 1937 and continued its publication in this format until May 1938.[6] Then it produced three more issues last of which appeared in February 1939.[6] The final issue was an independent publication, but was published as part of a literary magazine entitled Cuadernos de Madrid.[6]
Content and editors edit
El Mono Azur targeted those fighting in the civil war.[5] It frequently featured articles on the tips for the proficiency in precision shooting and hygiene.[5] In addition, the magazine covered all literary genres such as poetry and literary criticism, political articles, editorials, documents, theatrical news, photographs or illustrations.[1] The latter were mostly produced by Alberti and Pablo Picasso.[1] The poems published in El Mono Azul were read and written in the trenches before appearing in the magazine.[7][8] The 29th issue dated 19 August 1937 featured four poems of Langston Hughes which were translated into Spanish by Rafael Alberti.[9] Hughes, an African American, was the only Anglophone poet whose works were published in El Mono Azul.[9]
Major directors and contributors included José Bergamín, Rafael Dieste, Lorenzo Varela, Miguel Hernández, Vicente Aleixandre, Vicente Huidobro, Luis Cernuda, Antonio Machado, León Felipe, Rosa Chacel, Emilio Prados, Octavio Paz, César Vallejo, Tomás Navarro Tomás, Pablo Neruda, and Ramón J. Sender.[1][4]
References edit
- ^ a b c d e "Título: El Mono azul" (in Spanish). Hemeroteca Digital. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
- ^ Lisa A. Kirschenbaum (2017). "The Russian Revolution and Spanish Communists, 1931–5". Journal of Contemporary History. 52 (4): 895. doi:10.1177/0022009417723974. S2CID 159939003.
- ^ Jordi Olivar (2014). "This Is Their Fight: Joris Ivens's The Spanish Earth and the Romantic Gaze". Forma. Revista d'Estudis Comparatius. Art, literatura, pensament (10): 62.
- ^ a b Silvina Schammah Gesser; Alexandra Cheveleva Dergacheva (2018). "An Engagé in Spain: Commitment and Its Downside in Rafael Alberti's Philo-Sovietism". In Raanan Rein; Joan Maria Thomás (eds.). Spain 1936: Year Zero. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press. p. 194. ISBN 978-1845198923.
- ^ a b c d George Lambie (2000). "Intellectuals, Ideology and Revolution: The Political Ideas of César Vallejo". Hispanic Research Journal. 1 (2): 159. doi:10.1179/hrj.2000.1.2.139. S2CID 154672054.
- ^ a b c d e f John Eric Gant (1993). "El mono azul" (1936-1939) and Spain's Civil War poetry (PhD thesis). University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. pp. 16–22. ProQuest 304044818.
- ^ a b Cary Nelson, ed. (2002). "Introduction". The Wound and the Dream: Sixty Years of American Poems about the Spanish Civil War. Urbana; Chicago: University of Illinois Press. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-252-07070-9.
- ^ Gina Herrmann (December 2001). "Nostralgia: María Teresa León, Rafael Alberti, and the Memory of Absence". Revista Hispánica Moderna. 54 (2): 329. JSTOR 30207965.
- ^ a b Juan Ignacio Guijarro González (September 2021). ""I looked upon the Nile"—and the Ebro: Reconstructing the History of Langston Hughes Translations in Spain (1930–1975)". The Langston Hughes Review. 27 (2): 144–145. doi:10.5325/langhughrevi.27.2.0137. S2CID 240529722.