Wikipedia

Draft:Ukrainian language/Names/Crash48

Names of the language edit

Although the name of Ukraine is known since 1187,[1] it wasn't applied to the language until the mid-19th century; instead, the language was usually named Ruthenian or Little Russian.[2] In particular, Ivan Kotliarevsky, regarded as the pioneer of modern Ukrainian literature, subtitled his Eneida (1798) as a translation into Little Russian language; this subtitle was used until 1842[3], but changed into Ukrainian language for the next edition in 1862.[4] As late as 1845, the Ukrainian poet and philologist Ivan Vahylevych referred to his language as Little Russian[5] for practical reasons, as this term was more familiar to his intended readers.[6] The linguonym Ukrainian language appears in Yakub Holovatsky's book from 1849,[7] listed there as a variant name of the Little Russian language. In a private letter from 1854, Taras Shevchenko lauds "our splendid Ukrainian language".[8] Pylyp Morachevskyi, the author of the first translation of the New Testament into Ukrainian, called the language Little Russian in his manuscript from 1861[9]; but when first published in 1907, the language of his translation was named both as Little Russian and as Ukrainian.[10] Valuyev's decree from 1863 derides the "Little Russian" language throughout, but also mentions "the so-called Ukrainian language" once.[11] In Galicia, the earliest applications of the term Ukrainian to the language were in the hyphenated names Ukrainian-Ruthenian (1866, by Paulin Święcicki) or Ruthenian-Ukrainian (1871, by Panteleimon Kulish and Ivan Puluj), with non-hyphenated Ukrainian language appearing shortly thereafter (in 1878, by Mykhailo Drahomanov).[12][13]

The name Little Russia, originating from Byzantine Greek, may originally have meant "old, original, fundamental Russia", and it had been in use since the 14th century.[14] It began to acquire pejorative connotations in the late 19th century; before then, it was neutral.[15] By 1920, the term Little Russia(n) became tainted because of its appropriation by Russian nationalist extremists: from then onwards, the name Ukraine represented the nation's future, while Little Russia became relegated to the imperial(ist) past.[15] In the Encyclopædia Britannica, the language is named Little Russian starting from the 9th edition (1886),[16] later changed to Little Russian or Ukrainian in the 14th edition (1929);[17] since 1962, Britannica lists Little Russian as "an obsolescent term" for Ukrainian language.[18] In 2014, Britannica added a note that the term Little Russian is considered pejorative.[19]

In Austrian Galicia, the language was officially called Ruthenian, a name that survived until 1918. In Vienna's perception, the Greek Catholic Ruthenians in Austria were a separate people, different from the Eastern Orthodox Little Russians in Russia, who spoke their own language, known in German as Kleinrussisch ("Little Russian") or Kleinruthenisch ("Little Ruthenian").[20] As of 1886, the language spoken in Galicia and Bukovina was also known as Red Russian,[16][21] named after the geographic region of Red Ruthenia. The Ukrainian journalist Aleksei Hattsuk referred in 1862 to the Galician dialect as "our Red Russian dialect".[22] The 11th edition of Britannica (1911) commented that "The language [of Ruthenians] is in substance like the Little Russian of the Ukraine, though it has marked differences".[23]

  1. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20131101104202/http://archive.nbuv.gov.ua/portal/natural/vdu/b/2008_1/texts/08oespnu.pdf
  2. ^ https://www.husj.harvard.edu/articles/the-battle-for-ukrainian-an-introduction Archived 5 September 2023 at the Wayback Machine "It was during this period that elites on both sides of the border began to apply the term Ukrainian to the varieties formerly called Ruthenian and Little Russian."
  3. ^ original (1798), second edition (1808), first posthumous edition (1842)
  4. ^ "Писання (Вергілієва Енеїда, Наталка Полтавка, Москаль-Чарівник, Ода до князя Куракіна)". 1862.
  5. ^ File:Ukrainian Language in Galicia 1845.jpg
  6. ^ Peter Brock (1972), "Ivan Vahylevych (1811-1866) and the Ukrainian National Identity", Canadian Slavonic Papers / Revue Canadienne des Slavistes, 14 (2): 172, doi:10.1080/00085006.1972.11091271, JSTOR 40866428, His temporary reversion in his published grammar of 1845 to the term "Little Russian" appears to have been dictated by practical considerations — its greater familiarity to his readers who might be put off, needlessly, by the less familiar usage.
  7. ^ "Розправа о язиці южноруськім і його наріччях". 1849.
  8. ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=PpcjAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22наш+прекрасний+український+язик%22 Archived 4 September 2023 at the Wayback Machine p.269
  9. ^ ""Євангеліє від Пилипа". Він перший переклав Біблію сучасною українською мовою, а Росія відповіла Валуєвським циркуляром". 26 November 2021.
  10. ^ uk:File:Yevanheliye vid Matviya, Pylyp Morachevskyi.jpg
  11. ^ Валуевский циркуляр, full text of the Valuyev circular on Wikisource (in Russian)
  12. ^ Michael A. Moser (2017), "The Fate of the "Ruthenian or Little Russian" (Ukrainian) Language in Austrian Galicia (1772–1867)", Harvard Ukrainian Studies, 35 (1/4), Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute: 103, ISSN 0363-5570, JSTOR 44983536, archived from the original on 5 September 2023, retrieved 5 September 2023
  13. ^ https://diasporiana.org.ua/wp-content/uploads/books/7615/file.pdf Archived 28 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine p.97: "...а також і дльа неукрајінських читачів, котрим не можна давати книги на украјінськіј мові, поки не буде словника тіјејі мови."
  14. ^ Zenon Kohut (1986). "The Development of a Little Russian Identity and Ukrainian Nationbuilding". Harvard Ukrainian Studies. 10 (3/4): 559–576. JSTOR 41036271. The reasons for choosing the terms remain obscure. They might simply have reflected that the Galician metropolitan had fewer eparchies than the Suzdal one, or they might have come about due to an ancient Greek practice of denoting the homeland as "minor" while the colonies were labelled as "major" (e.g., Megalê Hellas, or Magna Graecia in Latin, for the Greek colonies in Italy). Whatever the conceptual underpinnings, the terms gained acceptance in ecclesiastical circles and entered the political sphere by the 1330s. <...> As a political designation "Little Rus"" faded with the demise of the Galician Principality (1340), but it continued to be important in the expanded battles over the Rus' metropolitanate.
  15. ^ a b https://www.husj.harvard.edu/articles/whats-in-a-name-semantic-separation-and-the-rise-of-the-ukrainian-national-name
  16. ^ a b "Encyclopaedia Britannica 9th Edition (1875-1889)". 1875.
  17. ^ "The Encyclopaedia Britannica 14th Edition Vol 19". 1929.
  18. ^ "Encyclopaedia Britannica". 1962. The Russian language <...> is sometimes called Great Russian to distinguish it from the closely related Byelorussian or White Russian and "Little Russian" (an obsolescent term) or Ukrainian, with which it makes up the eastern branch of the Slavonic languages
  19. ^ "Ukrainian language | Britannica".
  20. ^ Tomasz Kamusella (2009), "The Broader Linguistic and Cultural Context of Central Europe", The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe, London: Palgrave Macmillan, p. 176, doi:10.1057/9780230583474_3, ISBN 978-0-230-58347-4
  21. ^ William Morfill (1887), "Review: Ruthenisch-Deutsches Wörterbuch", Modern Language Notes, 2 (1), Johns Hopkins University Press: 17, JSTOR 2918885
  22. ^ Moser, Michael (2017), "Osnova and the Origins of the Valuev Directive", East/West: Journal of Ukrainian Studies, 4 (2), Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies: 77, doi:10.21226/T2534F
  23. ^ "Encyclopedia Britannica". Britannica. 1911.
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