Kingdom of Sikhottabong | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st century–10th century | |||||||||
| Capital | Khottabong Maruk Khanakhon Thakhek | ||||||||
| Common languages | Old Mon Old Laos | ||||||||
| Religion | Theravada Buddhism Mahayana Buddhism | ||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||
| King | |||||||||
• 648–700 | Kalawandith | ||||||||
• 1052-1069 | Chadachota | ||||||||
• 1111-1165 | Sai Nam Peung | ||||||||
| Legislature | Ahabhushan Mahakosh[citation needed] | ||||||||
| Historical era | Middle Ages | ||||||||
• Formation | 1st century | ||||||||
• Angkor influence | 11th century | ||||||||
• Foundation of Ayutthaya | 1351 | ||||||||
• Confederation with Chenla | 10th century | ||||||||
| |||||||||
The Sikhottabong Kingdom (Lao: ສີໂຄດຕະບອງ, Thai: ศรีโคตรบูรณ์) was a political entity (mandala) from the 1st to 10th centuries that was located on the central Mekhong valley spread from present-day upper Isan region of Thailand to Annamite Range in the east and Luang Prabang in the north. Its capital was in the northwest of Laos' Savannakhet province, in the present village of Meuang Kabong, on the eastern shores of the Banghiang River, about 10 kilometers (6.2 mi) east of the Mekong. Other centers of the kingdom were in Vientiane, Khammuan, Nong Khai, and Udon Thani.[1]
History
editEarly settlements
editLaos city-states
editStone inscriptions found in ancient Mon script in the North Central Mekong valley indicate that the Mon people were one of the various ethnic groups moving to settle in the region and played a major role in trading with other regions; thus, the Mon language became an interethnic language during the 6th to the 13th centuries. After Mon lost influence, it was then replaced by the Tai languages as Tai peoples became the ruling class over the Austroasiatic-speaking ethnic groups. Before the 6th century, Pali and Sanskrit dominated the region, especially in the religion-related fields.[2]
Emerging of Sikhottabong
editList of rulers
editEarly city-states: Before 1 century CE
edit| Name | Reign | Note | |
|---|---|---|---|
| English | Thai | ||
| Sikhottabong | ศรีโคตรบูร/ศรีโคตรบอง | ตัวอย่าง | ตัวอย่าง |
| Nanthasen | นันทเสนา/นันทเสน | ตัวอย่าง | |
| Dheva Buppha Devi | เทวบุปผาเทวี | ตัวอย่าง | Acting |
| Maruk Khanakhon | มรุกขนคร | ตัวอย่าง | The center was moved from Sikhottabong to Maruk Khanakhon (มรุกขนคร) |
| Sumitatham[3] | สุมิตตะธัมมะวงสา | ตัวอย่าง | ตัวอย่าง |
| Sumindharat | สุมินทราช | ตัวอย่าง | ตัวอย่าง |
| Dutthagamani | ทุฏฐคามนี | ตัวอย่าง | ตัวอย่าง |
| Nirudharat | นิรุทราช | ตัวอย่าง | ตัวอย่าง |
Influenced by Khmer: Before 13 century CE
edit| Name | Reign | Note | |
|---|---|---|---|
| English | Thai | ||
| Kabong I | กะบองที่ 1 | ||
| Kabong II | กะบองที่ 2 | ||
| Kabong III | กะบองที่ 3 | ||
| Kabong IV | กะบองที่ 4 | ||
| Kabong V | กะบองที่ 5 | ||
| Kabong VI | กะบองที่ 6 | ||
| Kabong VII/Bhaed Bo/Sam Kho/Sam Lan | กะบองที่ 7/นันทเสน/แปดบ่อ/สามคอ/สามล้าน | ||
| Kabong VIII | กะบองที่ 8 | Brother of Kabong VII | |
| Kabong IX/Kota/Si Kot | กะบองที่ 9/โคตะ/ศรีโคตร | Son of Ram Bundit; the capital was moved to Thakhek | |
Lan Xang era: 13th-17 centuries CE
edit| Name | Reign | Note | |
|---|---|---|---|
| English | Thai | ||
| Ba Siem | หมื่นกะบอง/บาเสียม | ||
| Lue Chai | หมื่นบ้าน/ลือชัย | ||
| Luang | หมื่นหลวง | ||
| Kon Kham | ก้อนคำ | ||
| Saen Luang Lan Xang | แสนหลวงล้านช้าง | ||
| Saen Nakhon | แสนนคร | ||
| Nakhon I | พระยานคร | ||
| Nakhon II/Saen Chang Thao | พระยานคร/แสนช้างถ่าว | ||
| Nakhon III | พระยานคร | ||
Excavations issues
editIn the past 30 years, archaeologists believed the civilization of the Sikhottabong was the same and under the Dvaravati influence. However, the more recently found archaeological and documentary evidence, especially local scriptures from Isan and Laos, indicates that before the Dvaravati culture, the present-day Isan region was influenced by the Saket Kingdom (สาเกตุ) in the Chi-Mun River Basin. The Saket Kingdom was then later fell under the influence of the Sikhottabong Kingdom. Therefore, civilizations in the Khorat Plateau were probably more influenced by Mekong valley civilizations than Dvaravati from the Chao Phraya basin.
Through inshore trading, Then it developed into a civilization along the boundary of the Korat Basin and the Chao Phraya River Basin. and from the examination of the civilizational transition period of ancient cities and archaeological excavations from the Khut Bura period throughout the Northeastern region and Laos. Civilizations that have not yet been influenced by India during the Gupta and post-Gupta dynasties are often discovered in ancient cities and around those areas, including stone pillars or standing stones, gongs, frog drums, stone stands or stones carved with stars. or the sun Clay jars painted with coiled patterns, etc., thus making it certain that the Burmese kingdom originated before the Buddha's time. It is also connected to prehistoric civilizations. There is also a development of its origins before the Dvaravati Kingdom in the Chao Phraya River Basin around 10-12 Buddhist centuries. However, no academic has yet come out to explain and present the errors in such studies.
References
edit- ^ Rasdavong, Khamyad (2006). The History of Buddhism in Laos. Lao Front for National Construction, Central Committee. pp. 25, 27, 29. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
- ^ ใหม่มณี รักษาพรมราช (6 February 2016). "บรรยายสาธารณะ : ศรีโคตรบูร บ้านเมืองสองฝั่ง ก่อนสมัยพระเจ้าฟ้างุ้ม". lek-prapai.org (in Thai). Archived from the original on 26 December 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
- ^ "Savannakhet province". www.minmaxtravel.com. Archived from the original on 26 December 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2023.