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Provincial autonomy was a political system reform proposal put forward by politicians and local power military personnel during the period when the Beiyang government ruled in the early years of the Republic of China. This series of activities took place between 1920 and 1924, with a total of ten provinces participating at that time, further developing into the Provincial Constitution Movement (1920-1926). The provinces involved included: Guangdong, Guangxi, and Fujian, which were directly involved in the struggle between the North and the South; Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, and Shaanxi, which were located in the middle of the North-South conflict; Yunnan and Guizhou in the southwest, less affected by the North; and Zhejiang, which, despite being controlled by the Anhui clique after the war, still had close ties with the South. All of these regions had varying degrees of "autonomy" and "federated governance" actions.