Draft:Mahmud's expedition of Kalinjar

Mahmud's expedition of Kalinjar
	Part of Ghaznavid campaigns in India
	; Kalinjar fort
Date	1023
Location	Kalinjar, Banda district
Result	Ghaznavid victory; Vidyadhara Surrendered to Mahmud Ghazni;
Belligerents
Ghaznavids	Chandelas of Jejakabhukti
Commanders and leaders
Mahmud of Ghazni	Vidyadhara

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Instructions · What links here · Mahmud's expedition of Kalinjar (talk: + · bio) · (log) · Copyvios report · reFill · Citation Bot · (Search: Google, Bing, Wikipedia) · Submitted 5 days ago by Hipnotics77 (talk: D · +) · Last edited 3 days ago by Hipnotics77

Mahmud's expedition of Kalinjar in 1023 was military battle conducted by Mahmud of Ghazni, the powerful emperor of Ghaznavid dynasty, against the Chandellas of present-day in India. Mahmud of Ghazni led his army to besieged the Kalinjar fort, a strategically important stronghold in the region.

History

Mahmud of Ghazni marched against the Kalinjar to punish the Vidyadhara. But before punishing the Chandellas, he passed the fort of Gwalior, the king of that fort is identified as the feutadory of the Chandella king, named kirthiraja^[2]. Mahmud of Ghazni attacked and besieged the fort for a long time and it's ruler kirthiraja sued for peace and surrendered to Mahmud of Ghazni^[3].

Mahmud of Ghazni then marched towards the fort of Kalinjar. Sultan Mahmud ordered to besieged the fort from all sides. The fort was impregnable and no man abled to scale its height^[4]. Later, Vidyadhara felt that Mahmud of Ghazni is way very powerful, then he sued for peace and promised to pay annual tribute and Jaziya and to deliver 300 Elephants^[5]^[6]^[7].

Mahmud of Ghazni accepted this term. Vidyadhara also composed the verse in Hindi in praise of Mahmud of Ghazni, and sultan became so happy after this incident that he gifted 15 fortress to Chandella ruler Vidyadhara. After this, he returned to Ghazna^[8]^[9].

References

^ Cunningham, Alexander (2022-12-06). Archeological Survey of India: Vol. II. BoD – Books on Demand. p. 452. ISBN 978-3-368-13568-3.
^ Sen, Sailendra Nath (1999). Ancient Indian History and Civilization. New Age International. p. 340. ISBN 978-81-224-1198-0.
^ Ray, Aniruddha (2019-03-04). The Sultanate of Delhi (1206-1526): Polity, Economy, Society and Culture. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-000-00729-9.
^ Nāẓim, Muḥammad (1971). The Life and Times of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazna. CUP Archive. pp. 113–14.
^ Asif, Manan Ahmed (2020-11-24). The Loss of Hindustan. Harvard University Press. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-674-98790-6.
^ Mahajan, V. D. (2007). History of Medieval India. S. Chand Publishing. p. 49. ISBN 978-81-219-0364-6.
^ M.D, Andrew G. Bostom (2010-12-29). The Legacy of Jihad: Islamic Holy War and the Fate of Non-Muslims. Prometheus Books. p. 637. ISBN 978-1-61592-017-4.
^ M.D, Andrew G. Bostom (2010-12-29). The Legacy of Jihad: Islamic Holy War and the Fate of Non-Muslims. Prometheus Books. p. 637. ISBN 978-1-61592-017-4.
^ Cunningham, Alexander (2022-12-06). Archeological Survey of India: Vol. II. BoD – Books on Demand. p. 452. ISBN 978-3-368-13568-3.

[1] Cunningham, Alexander (2022-12-06). Archeological Survey of India: Vol. II. BoD – Books on Demand. p. 452. ISBN 978-3-368-13568-3.

[2] Sen, Sailendra Nath (1999). Ancient Indian History and Civilization. New Age International. p. 340. ISBN 978-81-224-1198-0.

[3] Ray, Aniruddha (2019-03-04). The Sultanate of Delhi (1206-1526): Polity, Economy, Society and Culture. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-000-00729-9.

[4] Nāẓim, Muḥammad (1971). The Life and Times of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazna. CUP Archive. pp. 113–14.

[5] Asif, Manan Ahmed (2020-11-24). The Loss of Hindustan. Harvard University Press. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-674-98790-6.

[6] Mahajan, V. D. (2007). History of Medieval India. S. Chand Publishing. p. 49. ISBN 978-81-219-0364-6.

[7] M.D, Andrew G. Bostom (2010-12-29). The Legacy of Jihad: Islamic Holy War and the Fate of Non-Muslims. Prometheus Books. p. 637. ISBN 978-1-61592-017-4.

[8] M.D, Andrew G. Bostom (2010-12-29). The Legacy of Jihad: Islamic Holy War and the Fate of Non-Muslims. Prometheus Books. p. 637. ISBN 978-1-61592-017-4.

[9] Cunningham, Alexander (2022-12-06). Archeological Survey of India: Vol. II. BoD – Books on Demand. p. 452. ISBN 978-3-368-13568-3.

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