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Temperature edit
(SI units: W⋅m-2)
Wavelength and temperature edit
(SI units: W⋅m-2⋅sr-1⋅nm-1)
Frequency and temperature edit
(SI units: W⋅m-2⋅sr-1⋅Hz-1)
Max Planck interpreted and named this law in honor of Gustav Kirchhoff and Rudolf Clausius for the first time in his 1901 article[1][2]> justifying his black body distribution law.
The Law edit
Max Planck's statement in 1914 edit
“The specific intensities of radiation of a certain frequency in the two media are in the inverse ratio of the squares of the velocities of propagation or in the direct ratio of the squares of the indices of refraction.”[3]
The modern statement edit
"The rate at which a body emits heat radiation is inversely proportional to the square of the speed at which the radiation propagates in the medium in which the body is immersed."[4]
Origin edit
Gustav Kirchhoff's formula in 1860 edit
So, with n=c/c'
The Clausius form is obtained by:
and the Planck form:
( as heat radiation intensity in vacuum and in media, c as speed of light and n as refractive index)
Rudolf Clausius's statement in 1864 edit
" The radiations of perfectly black bodies of the same temperature are different in different media; they are inversely proportional to the squares of the velocities of propagation in those media, and therefore directly proportional to the squares of their coefficients of refraction."[6][7]
He gives these formulas:
(Here for heat radiation intensity and for the speed of light, for the medium planes a and c)
References edit
- ^ Planck, Max (1901-01-07). "Ueber das Gesetz der Energieverteilung im Normalspectrum". Annalen der Physik (in German). 309 (3): 425–648. Bibcode:1901AnP...309..553P. doi:10.1002/andp.19013090310.
- ^ Planck, Max (1901-01-07). "On the Law of the Energy Distribution in the Normal Spectrum" (PDF). Annalen der Physik.
- ^ Planck, Max (1914). "The theory of heat radiation" (PDF). Project Gutenberg's.
- ^ John D. Barrow and João Magueijo (2014). "Redshifting of cosmological black bodies in Bekenstein-Sandvik-Barrow-Magueijo varying-alpha theories". Physical Review D. 90 (12): 123506. arXiv:1406.1053. Bibcode:2014PhRvD..90l3506B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.90.123506. S2CID 53700017.
- ^ Gustav Kirchhoff (1860). "Gesammelte Abhandlungen". Google Books from Edition by Ludwig Boltzmann & Johann Ambrosius Barth. LEIPZIG, 1882. P.: 594.
- ^ Rudolf Clausius (1864). "Mechanical Theory Of Heat". Google Books from T. ARCHER HIRST, F.R.S., 1867. P: 310, 326.
- ^ Rudolf Clausius (1864). "Mechanical Theory Of Heat" (PDF). Google Archive Tr. By Walter R. Browne 1879. P: 315, 330–331.