Hypersegregation is ?
In an often-cited 1988 study, Douglas Massey and Nancy Denton compiled 20 existing segregation measures and reduced them to five dimensions of residential segregation.[1] Dudley L. Poston and Michael Micklin argue that Massey and Denton "brought conceptual clarity to the theory of segregation measurement by identifying five dimensions".[2]
African Americans are considered to be racially segregated because of all five dimensions of segregation being applied to them within these inner cities across the U.S. These five dimensions are evenness, clustering, exposure, centralization and concentration.[3]
Evenness is the difference between the percentage of a minority group in a particular part of a city, compared to the city as a whole.[citation needed] Exposure is the likelihood that a minority and a majority party will come in contact with one another.[citation needed] Clustering is the gathering of different minority groups into a single space; clustering often leads to one big ghetto and the formation of "hyperghettoization".[citation needed] Centralization measures the tendency of members of a minority group to be located in the middle of an urban area, often computed as a percentage of a minority group living in the middle of a city (as opposed to the outlying areas). Concentration is the dimension that relates to the actual amount of land a minority lives on within its particular city. The higher segregation is within that particular area, the smaller the amount of land a minority group will control.
The pattern of hypersegregation began in the early 20th century. African-Americans who moved to large cities often moved into the inner-city in order to gain industrial jobs. The influx of new African-American residents caused many white residents to move to the new suburbs (federally subsidized for white families only[4]) in a case of white flight. This was encouraged by the government, as many were white middle-class families who lived in segregated public housing first established in the 1930s. The US government heavily advertised the suburbs to them and the subsidized mortgages the government provided were typically cheaper than monthly rent.[4] These same mortgages were not provided to Black Americans in public housing, leading to overcrowding, while white public housing sat vacant.[4]
As industry began to move out of the inner-city, the African-American residents lost the stable jobs that had brought them to the area. Many were unable to leave the inner-city and became increasingly poor.[5] This created the inner-city ghettos that make up the core of hypersegregation. Though the Civil Rights Act of 1968 banned discrimination in housing, housing patterns established earlier saw the perpetuation of hypersegregation.[6] Data from the 2000 census shows that 29 metropolitan areas displayed black-white hypersegregation. Two areas—Los Angeles and New York City—displayed Hispanic-white hypersegregation. No metropolitan area displayed hypersegregation for Asians or for Native Americans.[7]
References edit
- ^ Vincent N. Parrillo (2008). Encyclopedia of Social Problems. SAGE Publications. p. 508. ISBN 978-1412941655.
- ^ Dudley L. Poston; Michael Micklin (2006). Handbook of Population. Springer. p. 499. ISBN 978-0387257020.
- ^ Douglas S. Massey; Nancy A. Denton (August 1989). "Hypersegregation in U.S. Metropolitan Areas: Black and Hispanic Segregation Along Five Dimensions". Demography. 26 (3): 373–391. doi:10.2307/2061599. ISSN 0070-3370. JSTOR 2061599. OCLC 486395765. PMID 2792476. S2CID 37301240.
- ^ a b c Rothstein, Richard (2018). The Color of Law: A forgotten history of how our government segregated America. New York London: Liveright Publishing Corporation, a division of W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-1-63149-453-6.
- ^ Charles E. Hurst (2007). Social Inequality: Forms, causes, and consequences (6th ed.). Boston: Pearson. ISBN 978-0205698295.
- ^ David R Williams; Chiquita Collins (2001). "Racial Residential Segregation: A Fundamental Cause of Racial Disparities in Health". Public Health Reports. 116 (5): 404–416. doi:10.1093/phr/116.5.404. ISSN 0033-3549. PMC 1497358. PMID 12042604. Archived from the original on January 10, 2012.
- ^ Rima Wilkes; John Iceland (2004). "Hypersegregation in the Twenty First Century". Demography. 41 (1): 23–361. doi:10.1353/dem.2004.0009. JSTOR 1515211. OCLC 486373184. PMID 15074123. S2CID 5777361.