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Comment: Per Gobonobo, please see WP:INLINECITE. Vanderwaalforces (talk) 09:24, 10 April 2024 (UTC)
- Comment: This article has references, but needs inline citations. Please see WP:INLINECITE for how to add footnotes. gobonobo + c 07:27, 10 April 2024 (UTC)
Copromyxa protea is a dung-inhabiting amoeboid.[1]
Taxonomy and taxonomic history edit
Based on sequencing of subunit ribosomal RNA genes, the genus Copromyxa was determine to be placed in the Amoebozoa supergroup. Within this supergroup, it was found to be in the group Tubulinea. This comes across as unexpected due to the fact that this group was recorded to have no slime molds before this taxonomic distinction. Cellular slime molds can be organized into two major categories--Dictyostelia and Acrasea. C. protea falls into the latter of the two. However, the main reason why the distinction between the two groups was made is due to their likeness in appearance and fruiting body abilities.
Before becoming Copromyxa protea, it had the name Guttulina protea. It was shortly changed thereafter due to Guttulina (now Pocheina) fruiting bodies having multiple cell types, while Copromyxa just consists of one.
Based on physical appearance alone, C. protea was placed in Ameobozoa due to its tubular mitochondrial cristae and broad lobose pseudopodia.
It now exists within a four-species clade of Copromyxa/Hartmannella. However, Hartmannella has since been renamed to the genus Copromyxa due to the similarities of the two.
Behavior edit
Copromyxa protea is the first slime mold found to be in the group Tubulinea of the supergroup Amoebozoa. More specifically, it is a cellular slime mold meaning an amoeboid protist that creates fruiting bodies.
The fruiting body of C. protea is relatively uncomplicated. Lone sorocysts are found in mature fruiting bodies, known as sorocarps. The sorocysts themselves tend to be oddly shaped and produce only one monopodial amoeba.
These amoeba have the potential to encyst on a substrate, known as microcysts, which can germinate as amoeba. The amoeba can also aggregate in order to establish found cells in the sorocarp which leads to sorocysts. However, the manner in which the sorocarp itself attracts amoeba in order to aggregate is unclear. Ultimately, this elevates the fruiting body apically. The fruiting body itself can be uniaxial or branched, and at maturity all cells are enclosed within cysts.
A sexual cycle also seems to be apparent. Uninucleate amoeba proceed with plasmogamy and karyogamy which leads to the formation of a sphaerocyst. However, confirmation of secondary meisosis is yet to be established. Sphaerocysts have been concluded to be unimportant in continuation of the life cycle of C. protea, as they do not germinate.
The life cycle of cellular slime molds is ultimately separated into two main divisions. The trophic stage consists of the singular amoeba described above. Once the amoeba starts aggregating and establishing found cells, then the fruiting stage is kicked off.
Morphology edit
What makes C. protea interesting is the fact that it exists as a cellular slime mold in the group Tubulinea. The features of C. protea that place it in this lineage are its tubular mitochondrial christae, monopodial amoeba measuring around 23 µm, and central nucleus.
The appearance of its sphaerocyst is distinguishable: double-walled, brownish-yellow, and generally rounder than sorocysts and microcysts measuring 11-20 µm. C. protea is able to produce a roundish cyst consisting of thick walls. Its zygote exists in the sphaerocyst stage. Sorocysts tend to be smooth-walled hyaline measuring 4.4-12.5 X 6.3-19 µm. A sorocarp can be columnar or branched, ranging from 0.5 to 3.5 nm in height.
Ecology edit
Copromyxa protea can be found on the excrement of many different bovine and equine creatures. Within the United States, it is popularly found on the fecal matter of cattle and horses. C. protea can utilize Escherichia coli as a nutrient source.
References edit
- ^ "Copromyxa protea – Microworld". Retrieved 2024-04-10.
Brown, M. W. (2010). Placing the forgotten slime molds (Sappinia, Copromyxa, Fonticula, Acrasis, and Pocheina), using molecular phylogenetics. University of Arkansas.
Brown, M. W., Silberman, J. D., & Spiegel, F. W. (2011). “Slime molds” among the Tubulinea (Amoebozoa): molecular systematics and taxonomy of Copromyxa. Protist, 162(2), 277-287.
Kostka, M., Lares-Jiménez, L. F., & Dyková, I. Phylogenetic placement of Hartmannella cantabrigiensis to Copromyxa inferred from multigene analysis.
Lahr, D. J., Parfrey, L. W., Mitchell, E. A., Katz, L. A., & Lara, E. (2011). The chastity of amoebae: re-evaluating evidence for sex in amoeboid organisms.
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 278(1715), 2081-2090.
Nesom, M., & Olive, L. S. (1972). Copromyxa Arborescens, A New Cellular Slime Mold. Mycologia, 64(6), 1359–1362. https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1972.12019392
Spiegel, F. W., & Olive, L. S. (1978). New evidence for the validity of Copromyxa protea. Mycologia, 70(4), 843-847.