Draft:Burnings of German Books in the United States 1917 to 1918


Overview and Map

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Burnings of Books in the US 1917 to 1918

This article deals specifically with the destruction of German literature and similar, identity-forming works in the USA in relation to WW1 and not with the general anti-Germanism before, during or after.

During the First World War in the USA there were numerous anti-German attacks on people and property.

 
Pile of ashes in street after burning of German textbooks from the Baraboo High School, Baraboo, Wisconsin during an anti-German demonstration; text on ground says "Here lies the remains of German in B.H.S."(Baraboo High School)
 
A pile of German textbooks, from the Baraboo High School, burning on a street in Baraboo, Wisconsin, during an anti-German demonstration

Causes and similarities

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The widespread resentment against newly immigrated groups, which was directed not only against Germans but also Irish, Italians, Catholics, Jews, Chinese etc. (keyword: Know Nothing Party), formed the basis that after the beginning of the First World War was used to "solve the problem with the German language" by incited MOBs. Although there were occasional courageous dissenting voices (by headmasters or e.g. in the press), the majority remained mute because of the practiced lynch "justice" or participated fanatically in the book burnings. School break-ins and subsequent book burnings were perpetrated with conspicuous frequency by pupils or "unknowns", often after they had previously protested against the continuation of German lessons in the class. One can presume that the students hoped that their actions would also reduce their expenses for the rest of the school year. Despite the dissenting voices, important events repeatedly triggered waves of book burnings, which - possibly also centrally controlled - were fueled by external people and organizations.

As special events were named the entry of the USA into the war, the armistice with the German Empire and ship sinkings (Tuscania (troop transporter;1918); Lusitania (arms transporter with among other things US passengers as "meat shields" 1915), etc.).

Some individuals explicitly stepped forward in calling for book burnings e.g. various Superintendents and James Pershing (brother of Gen. John J. Pershing; " I want to see every German newspaper in America confiscated and every German text book burned.”).

Also companies, e.g. the "Anaconda Copper Mining Company" (A.C.M.; in Butte, Montana) were or are suspected of being involved in the anti-German book burnings for economic reasons. Presumably, American companies also incited paid murderers and lynch mobs against trade unionists, socialists and opponents of the war in the period between 1914 and 1918 (Frank Little (unionist); Robert Prager). Since the German-speaking workforce has traditionally brought higher or larger sections of the population more comprehensive school education from "the fatherland", hostility on the part of the companies towards the "educational culture" of the workers is obvious.

Even if fear of disloyalty and demonstrating one's own loyalty were frequently cited as the motive for the book burnings, one can assume that the German "educational culture" was viewed by large parts of the US population as snooty to autocratic, at least behind closed doors . Statements by various US Presidents up to 1945 in this regard are known.

A clear lever against German as a language and German literature was the propaganda denigration as "Hun language" or "Teuton language" ("teutonic books"). For this purpose, the allegedly martial character of the so-called "Hun Speech" by Kaiser Wilhelm II in 1900 (the authenticity of which is highly disputed) was projected onto the language as a whole. Unexplained and surprising despite reprisals is that the "German=Hun" propaganda caught on so well, although the educated class of the population saw the atrocities of other states (Boer War<->concentration camps; Russian Empire<->Circassian genocide; UK-Benin War; Belgian Congo-Freestate<->quasi-slavery; etc.) were known and could serve as a reference.

It is also scientifically unclear to what extent it is likely that the massive book burnings in the USA (and France) in 1914-1918 had a decisive influence on the book burnings that began in 1933 in the Third Reich.

This article inevitably only gives an incomplete overview of the number of book burnings and the extent of the burned books, documents, pictures, etc., since not every book burning was reported on and not all newspaper reports are freely accessible. There is a survivorship bias in the data. Given that entire US states have condescendingly enacted book burnings, one can expect many more incidents in many more communities.

Addendum: A special event are the book burnings in Menominee High School. While other incidents were only reported once or over a maximum of 1-2 months, the reporting regarding Menominee High School spanned the months of May to November. In this case, an alleged revenge action on the school took place. It is possible that the extensive reporting was used to track down supposed "Hun sympathizers" who could then be dealt with by the lynch mob or the dysfunctional "judiciary". Nothing is known of other supposed or real acts of revenge.

List of book burnings

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Event No. when where-community where-state burning location media origin media types scope initiator and culprit spec. witnesses / participants / opponents source
1 Winter 1917-1918 Washburn County Wisconsin <unknown> High school books german text books <unknown> <unknown> The Manitowoc pilot. [volume], June 06, 1918, page 3 [1]

Iron County news. [volume], June 08, 1918, page 7 [2]
Wausau pilot. [volume], June 11, 1918, page 2 [3]

2 before/after 07.09.1918 Haverhill Massachusetts <unknown> school books german text books school board <unknown> The Barre daily times., September 07, 1918, page 4 [4]
3 at 28.03.1918 Iowa state <unknown> all schools in Iowa books every german book A. M. Deyoe, state superintendent <unknown> The daily Gate City and constitution-Democrat., March 28, 1918, page 6 [5]
4 before 11.05.1918 Montana state <unknown> public libraries and schools books every german book defence council of Montana <unknown> Freie Presse für Texas. [volume], May 11, 1918, page 1 [6]
5 after 03.07.1918 Oklahoma state <unknown> school library books german books and literatur superintendent R. H. Wilson superintendent of city and county Tulsa daily world. [volume], July 03, 1918, FINAL EDITION, page 2 [7]
6 before 02.05.1918 Amboy Minnesota school yard public schools books german text books („great part“) students teacher J. T. Hanson Der Nordstern. [volume], May 02, 1918, page 6 [8]
7 at 09.04.1918 Ansonia Ohio <unknown> school books every german text book citizens <unknown> The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume], April 09, 1918, page 15 [9]

Fulton County tribune., April 19, 1918, page 2 [10]

8 at 13.06.1918 Baraboo Wisconsin city (intersection Oak and Second street) High school books german text books (considerable number) students („class of ´18“);

Hugh Kelley (school caretaker)

Miss Christian Wright;

H. H. Coates, (caretaker);
E. B. Trimpey, (photograph);
P. D. A.

Baraboo weekly news. [volume], June 13, 1918, page 1 [11]

Grant County herald. [volume], June 26, 1918, page 3 [12]
Baraboo weekly news. [volume], June 13, 1918, page 7 [13]

9 before 09.05.1918 Baraboo Wisconsin <unknown> High school books german books HUGH KELLEY (school caretaker) <unknown> Baraboo weekly news. [volume], May 09, 1918, page 9 [14]

Baraboo weekly news. [volume], May 30, 1918, page 10 [15]

10 at 27.02.1918 Bayfield Wisconsin school boiler room High school books every german text book <unknown> <unknown> Baraboo weekly news. [volume], February 28, 1918, page 10 [16]

Grant County herald. [volume], March 06, 1918, page 6 [17]

11 before 02.05.1918 Bowling Green Ohio <unknown> High school books german text books students <unknown> The Greenville journal. [volume], May 02, 1918, page 3 [18]

Fulton County tribune., May 10, 1918, page 3 [19]
The Celina Democrat., May 10, 1918, page 6 [20]

12 after 16.05.1918 Bridgeton New Jersey <unknown> <unknown> books every german text book city council;

council member Wiliam B. Holmes

school board The Monmouth inquirer. [volume], May 16, 1918, page 6 [21]
13 at 11.05.1918 Butte Montana <unknown> school library books every german book school board <unknown> The Meridian times., May 10, 1918, page 3 [22]

The Montana nonpartisan. [volume], December 21, 1918, page 4 [23]

14 at 27.04 1918 Butte Montana town center school libraries;

(maybe also public and private libraries)

books every german book MOB (presumably agitated by „Anaconda Copper Mining Company“, Butte)) libraries trustees Daily capital journal., May 03, 1918, page 4 [24]

The Montana nonpartisan. [volume], December 21, 1918, page 4 [25]
The Seattle star. [volume], May 02, 1918, page 6 [26]

15 at 04.07.1918 Cape Girardeau Missouri <unknown> town books every german literature students <unknown> Monroe City Democrat., June 28, 1918, page 6 [27]
16 at 16.04.1918 Carmen Oklahoma <unknown> some schools books every german book students citizens Freie Presse für Texas. [volume], April 18, 1918, page 2 [28]
17 at 26.04.1918 Cedar Falls Iowa <unknown> <unknown> books, etc german text books and literature <unknown> <unknown> Evening times-Republican. [volume], April 25, 1918, page 2 [29]
18 after 05.04.1918 Cleveland Ohio <unknown> public collection books,

documents,
war screens,
music,
phonograph record,
images

german text books, literature, war screens, music, phonograph records and pictures MOB („movement“) <unknown> Every evening, Wilmington daily commercial., April 05, 1918, LAST EDITION, page 5 [30]

The Celina Democrat., April 12, 1918, page 4 [31]

19 at 30.04.1918 Clinton Iowa „north steps“ of the school High school books every german book students fire brigade Rock Island Argus., April 30, 1918, page 1 [32]

The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume], June 15, 1918, page 11 [33]

20 before 16.05.1918 Columbus Grove Ohio town center <unknown> books every german book students <unknown> The Greenville journal. [volume], May 16, 1918, page 3 [34]

Fulton County tribune., May 24, 1918, page 2 [35]

21 at 10.06.1918 Council Bluffs Iowa "Gibraltar"-cliff behind the school High school books every german (text )book (1000 volumes) Stymest Stevenson;

school board;
Company A, Iowa National Guard;
Fred Duerr (student)

citizens;

superintendent Saam

Omaha daily bee., June 11, 1918, page 2 [36]

Evening times-Republican. [volume], May 08, 1918, page 1 [37]
Rock Island Argus., May 08, 1918, page 1 [38]

22 before 24.06.1918 Council Bluffs Iowa school yard town books german text books (thousends) fire brigade <unknown> Webster City freeman. [volume], June 24, 1918, page 1 [39]
23 at 01.05.1918 Davenport Iowa school yard Polk school, 1212 West Eighth street books german books (~ 50 reference books; value: $50) students (4 ) <unknown> Rock Island Argus., May 03, 1918, page 16 [40]
24 at 28.04.1918 Denison Iowa <unknown> school books every german text book <unknown> <unknown> Omaha daily bee., April 29, 1918, page 5 [41]
25 before 05.10.1918 Duluth Minnesota <unknown> public collection books german books citizens <unknown> The Duluth rip-saw. [volume], October 05, 1918, page 1 [42]
26 before 24.04.1918 East Waterloo Township Iowa in the streets High school books german books students <unknown> Evening times-Republican. [volume], April 24, 1918, page 12 [43]

Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume], April 26, 1918, page 2 [44]
Rock Island Argus., April 24, 1918, page 1 [45]

27 before 24.06.1918 Erick Oklahoma at the foot of the municipal flag pole public collection books every german book (in the city) MOB („large number of citizens and high school students“) <unknown> The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume], June 24, 1918, page 3 [46]
28 before 11.04.1918 FINDLAY Ohio <unknown> <unknown> books german text books <unknown> music bands The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume], April 11, 1918, page 2 [47]
29 before 18.04.1918 FINDLAY Ohio town center High school and college;

libraries of the citizens

books german text books (hundreds) citizens citizens („hundreds“ ... and bands) The Greenville journal. [volume], April 18, 1918, page 3 [48]

Fulton County tribune., April 26, 1918, page 2 [49]
The Celina Democrat., April 26, 1918, page 6 [50]
Fulton County tribune., April 19, 1918, page 2 [51]

30 at 05.04.1918 Florence Montana <unknown> Florence-Carlton High school books every german text book students ( nearly 20 ) <unknown> The Daily Missoulian. [volume], April 11, 1918, page 2 [52]
31 at 29.08.1918 Fort Morgan Colorado main street High school books german text books (giant bonfire) <unknown> citizens (> 3000 ) El Paso herald., August 30, 1918, HOME EDITION, page 7 [53]
32 at 27.04.1918 Freeport West Virginia <unknown> public schools;

private libraries

books german text books and a great amount further german works citizens <unknown> The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume], May 01, 1918, page 3 [54]
33 before 25.04.1918 Fremont Iowa school yard High school books german books <unknown> <unknown> The Oskaloosa herald., April 25, 1918, page 2 [55]
34 before 30.05.1918 Garland Wyoming <unknown> <unknown> books german text books ( 4(+) volumes) students (4 ) Prof. J. Richards (principal of the public schools at Garland) The Saratoga sun., May 30, 1918, page 6 [56]

The Saratoga sun., June 06, 1918, page 6 [57]

35 before 30.05.1918 Garland Wyoming <unknown> High school books every german text book MOB („party of citizens“) Prof. J. Richards (principal of the public schools at Garland) The Saratoga sun., May 30, 1918, page 6 [58]

The Saratoga sun., June 06, 1918, page 6 [59]

36 at 23.02.1918 Gladbrook Iowa city park school library and public schools books every german book <unknown> citizens Evening times-Republican. [volume], February 27, 1918, page 4 [60]

Audubon Republican. [volume], March 07, 1918, page 7 [61]

37 at 05.03.1918 Grand Island Nebraska <unknown> High school books german books(> 300 volumes) <unknown> <unknown> Omaha daily bee., March 06, 1918, page 8 [62]

Dakota County herald., March 14, 1918, page 6 [63]
The Red Cloud chief. [volume], March 14, 1918, page 6 [64]
The frontier., March 14, 1918, page 6 [65]
The North Platte semi-weekly tribune., March 22, 1918, page 6 [66]

38 before 06.06.1918 Grantsburg Wisconsin <unknown> High school books german text books <unknown> MOB („Loyalty legion of Grandsburg“ ) The Manitowoc pilot. [volume], June 06, 1918, page 3 [67]

Iron County news. [volume], June 08, 1918, page 7 [68]
Wausau pilot. [volume], June 11, 1918, page 2 [69]

39 at 11.04.1918 Greenfield Iowa <unknown> High school books,

documents

every german (text )book;

number of valuable papers

<unknown> <unknown> Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume], April 16, 1918, page 8 [70]

Evening times-Republican. [volume], April 13, 1918, page 4 [71]

40 at 13.04.1918 Greenfield Iowa <unknown> High school songs german songs from song books <unknown> <unknown> Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume], April 16, 1918, page 8 [72]
41 before 16.07.1918 GREYBULL Wyoming in the streets <unknown> books german text books (heaps) <unknown> draftees;

citizens („hundreds“)

Casper daily tribune. [volume], July 16, 1918, page 3 [73]
42 at 18.03.1918 Groton South Dakota in front of the school building High school books every german text book students <unknown> The Madison daily leader. [volume], March 22, 1918, page 3 [74]
43 at 08.04.1918 Grundy Center Iowa <unknown> High school books every german text book students superintendent Evening times-Republican. [volume], April 10, 1918, page 3 [75]
44 after 12.07.1918 Hooper Nebraska <unknown> some schools books german text books „home guards“ a band;

Dr. E. D. Hall aus Fremont

Omaha daily bee., July 12, 1918, page 4 [76]

Omaha daily bee., July 14, 1918, page 5 [77]

45 at 12.05.1918 Hotchkiss Colorado <unknown> High school books every german book MOB („Some fellow“) <unknown> Gunnison news-champion. [volume], May 17, 1918, page 2 [78]
46 before 12.04.1918 Iroquois South Dakota <unknown> school books german text books ( 25(+) volumes) students (25 ) <unknown> The Madison daily leader. [volume], April 12, 1918, page 2 [79]

Sioux County pioneer., April 18, 1918, page 2 [80]
The Kadoka press and Kadoka reporter. [volume], April 19, 1918, page 6 [81]
The herald-advance., April 26, 1918, page 7 [82]
The Mellette County pioneer. [volume], April 26, 1918, page 7 [83]

47 at 04.07.1918 Jackson Missouri <unknown> town books every german literature students <unknown> Monroe City Democrat., June 28, 1918, page 6 [84]
48 before 24.05.1918 Janesville Wisconsin in the streets High school books german text books MOB („a citizens’ committee“) school authorities;

city council

Wauwatosa news. [volume], May 24, 1918, page 1 [85]

Vernon County censor. [volume], May 29, 1918, page 7 [86]
Vilas County news. [volume], May 29, 1918, page 7 [87]
River Falls journal. [volume], May 30, 1918, page 3 [88]
Ladysmith news-budget. [volume], May 31, 1918, City Edition, page 5 [89]
Eagle River review. [volume], May 31, 1918, page 2 [90]
Iron County news. [volume], June 01, 1918, page 2 [91]
Elko independent. [volume], June 04, 1918, page 3 [92]

49 before 13.05.1915 Johannesburg South african Union <unknown> General Mining Corporation books,

documents

all the books, records and accessible papers of the company MOB <unknown> Detroiter Abend-Post., May 13, 1915, page 1 [93]

Evening times-Republican. [volume], May 13, 1915, page 1 [94]
The daily telegram. [volume], May 13, 1915, page 13 [95]
The Ogden standard. [volume], May 13, 1915, 4 P.M. City Edition, page 1 [96]
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume], May 13, 1915, HOME EDITION, page 2 [97]
The Bennington evening banner., May 14, 1915, page 1 [98]
Omaha daily bee., May 14, 1915, page 1 [99]
Grand Forks daily herald., May 14, 1915, page 10 [100]
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume], May 15, 1915, page 3 [101]

50 before 03.10.1918 Le Claire Iowa <unknown> town books german literature (hundreds of pounds) <unknown> <unknown> The Oskaloosa herald., October 03, 1918, page 3 [102]
51 before 03.10.1918 Le Claire Iowa <unknown> town books german song books (some heaps) <unknown> <unknown> The Oskaloosa herald., October 03, 1918, page 3 [103]
52 at 29.04.1918 Letts Iowa <unknown> school books german text books students <unknown> Evening times-Republican. [volume], May 03, 1918, page 3 [104]
53 at 27.03.1918 Lewistown Montana business destrict High school books every german text book MOB <unknown> The Ogden standard. [volume], March 28, 1918, 3:30 P.M. CITY EDITION, page 2 [105]

The Fargo forum and daily republican. [volume], March 28, 1918, page 4 [106]
The Bismarck tribune. [volume], May 01, 1918, page 2 [107]

54 after 18.04.1918 Locust Grove Township Iowa <unknown> german Lutherian parish books german song books <unknown> <unknown> The Oskaloosa herald., April 18, 1918, page 1 [108]
55 at 29.04.1918 Maquoketa Iowa <unknown> <unknown> books german books students (18 ) <unknown> Evening times-Republican. [volume], May 03, 1918, page 3 [109]
56 before 08.08.1918 Marinette Wisconsin <unknown> Menominee High school books german text books <unknown> <unknown> The Wahpeton times. [volume], August 08, 1918, page 6 [110]

The Celina Democrat., August 09, 1918, page 5 [111]
The Appeal. [volume], August 10, 1918, page 1 [112]
The Fulton County news. [volume], August 15, 1918, page 3 [113]
The Jasper news. [volume], August 15, 1918, page 8 [114]
Cresco plain dealer., August 16, 1918, page 6 [115]
The Southern herald., August 16, 1918, page 8 [116]
The Keota news., August 16, 1918, page 4 [117]
Perth Amboy evening news. [volume], August 16, 1918, LAST EDITION, page 6 [118]
The Pleasantville press., August 17, 1918, page 5 [119]
The daily star-mirror., August 17, 1918, page 4 [120]
The evening current., August 19, 1918, page 2 [121]
Ellsworth American. [volume], August 21, 1918, page 7 [122]
The Washburn times. [volume], August 29, 1918, page 6 [123]
The Kennewick courier-reporter. [volume], August 29, 1918, page 4 [124]
Americus times-recorder. [volume], August 30, 1918, City Edition, page 6 [125]
The silver state. [volume], August 31, 1918, Page FOUR, page 4 [126]
Mountain Home Republican. [volume], September 07, 1918, page 2 [127]
Carrizozo outlook. [volume], September 13, 1918, page 7 [128]
Orleans County monitor. [volume], October 09, 1918, page 8 [129]
The Ocala evening star. [volume], October 18, 1918, page 2 [130]
Monroe City Democrat., October 18, 1918, page 6 [131]
The Mellette County pioneer. [volume], October 18, 1918, page 19 [132]
The Mellette County pioneer. [volume], October 25, 1918, page 8 [133]
The Dayton forum. [volume], November 15, 1918, page 4 [134]

57 before 18.04.1918 Maxwell Nebraska <unknown> some schools books every german text book MOB („Acting upon a suggestion made by tho local paper, the Telepost, citizens of Maxwell and vicinity“) <unknown> The Red Cloud chief. [volume], April 18, 1918, page 6 [135]
58 after 20.10.1917 Medford Oregon <unknown> some schools books german text books (all copies of „Dawn of American History in Europe“, Prof. William Lewis Nida) <unknown> superintendent Hillis The evening herald., October 20, 1917, page 1 [136]

Rogue River courier., October 21, 1917, DAILY EDITION, page 1 [137]
The Tacoma times. [volume], October 20, 1917, page 1 [138]

59 at 07.06.1918 Menominee Michigan school yard schools books german text books (400 volumes) school board Chief Collins (FD) The Manitowoc pilot. [volume], May 30, 1918, page 7 [139]

Ladysmith news-budget. [volume], May 31, 1918, City Edition, page 5 [140]
Eagle River review. [volume], May 31, 1918, page 2 [141]
Iron County news. [volume], June 01, 1918, page 2 [142]
Wausau pilot. [volume], June 04, 1918, page 2 [143]
The Washington herald. [volume], July 01, 1918, page 4 [144]
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume], April 12, 1918, HOME, page 1 [145]
The Bismarck tribune. [volume], July 13, 1918, page 3 [146]
The Fargo forum and daily republican. [volume], July 13, 1918, page 9 [147]
Licking Valley courier. [volume], July 18, 1918, page 1 [148]

60 at 17.06.1918 Menominee Michigan school yards public schools;

(suggested: public collection)

books, phonograph records, pictures german text books;

(private german books, phonograph records and pictures)

school board;

(all citizens)

parade visitors;

a band;
Number of soldiers from Menominee;
Chief Collins (FD)

Grand Forks herald. [volume], June 17, 1918, page 5 [149]

The Bismarck tribune. [volume], July 13, 1918, page 3 [150]
The Fargo forum and daily republican. [volume], July 13, 1918, page 9 [151]
Licking Valley courier. [volume], July 18, 1918, page 1 [152]

61 before 08.02.1918 Milford Nebraska school yard school books every german book <unknown> <unknown> The courier-index., February 08, 1918, page 11 [153]
62 after 12.07.1918 Monroe Wisconsin <unknown> school(s) books every german book school board citizens („thousends“) Wauwatosa news. [volume], July 12, 1918, page 1 [154]

Eagle River review. [volume], July 12, 1918, page 2 [155]
Iron County news. [volume], July 13, 1918, page 2 [156]
Wausau pilot. [volume], July 16, 1918, page 2 [157]
Vernon County censor. [volume], July 17, 1918, page 6 [158]
Vilas County news. [volume], July 17, 1918, page 6 [159]

63 at 18.02.1918 Montezuma Iowa <unknown> High school books every german text book students <unknown> Evening times-Republican. [volume], February 19, 1918, page 1 [160]
64 before 13.04.1918 Moose Lake Minnesota <unknown> High school books every german text book <unknown> <unknown> The Washington herald. [volume], April 13, 1918, page 1 [161]

Washington Journal. [volume], April 19, 1918, page 8 [162]

65 at 28.04.1918 Mountain Grove Missouri <unknown> school books every german text book students war exhibit train The Evening Missourian. [volume], April 29, 1918, page 4 [163]
66 at 09.05.1918 North Platt Nebraska building lot in the citys south High school books german text books (700 pieces) MOB („score of citizens“) <unknown> Omaha daily bee., May 11, 1918, NEWS SECTION, page 4 [164]
67 before 18.04.1918 Norwalk Ohio central square High school books german books students (75) <unknown> The Greenville journal. [volume], April 18, 1918, page 3 [165]

Fulton County tribune., April 26, 1918, page 2 [166]
The Celina Democrat., April 26, 1918, page 6 [167]

68 at 17.07.1918 Norwich New York <unknown> High school books, etc every german book and trinket James E. Hawkhurst;

Roscoe Merrill;
J. A. Tarte.

<unknown> New-York tribune. [volume], July 18, 1918, page 5 [168]
69 before 21.05.1918 Oakland Nebraska central square <unknown> books every german text book <unknown> Home Guards Omaha daily bee., May 21, 1918, page 4 [169]
70 before 02.01.1918 Pittsburgh Pennsylvania <unknown> public schools books german text books (value: $3,500) school board superintendent W.M. Davidson The sun. [volume], January 03, 1918, page 8 [170]
71 before 11.04.1918 Port Clinton Ohio <unknown> <unknown> books every german book students <unknown> The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume], April 11, 1918, page 2 [171]
72 at 11.04.1918 Proctor Minnesota <unknown> High school;

Großloge

books, songs every german book;

german songs in song books

MOB („about 200 citizens of Proctor“) Constable McTaggart The Duluth rip-saw. [volume], April 20, 1918, page 3 [172]
73 before 15.04.1916 provinces;

small towns

France french provinces public libraries books every german book towns authorities <unknown> El Paso herald., April 15, 1916, HOME EDITION, Cable News and Auto Section, page 15 [173]
74 at 11.11.1918 Putnam Connecticut <unknown> <unknown> books german text book („"Im Vaterland” 1910 Paul Valentine Bacon“; a number of) MOB („Representatives of each school“) students(all; nearly 1000);

Victory Day parade visitors;
bad of volunteers;
Number of boy scouts;
Fr. Routhier. principle of St. Mary’s school;
lawyer E. H Johnson (school board member);
Mr. Green from Lowrence (worker in the “United War Work campaign“)

Putnam patriot. [volume], November 15, 1918, page 6 [174]
75 at 04.02.1918 Richmond Indiana before the school building (near Eighth and Main street) <unknown> books, documents German books and documents (great number) <unknown> citizens („thousends“, attendees of the local war conference) The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume], February 05, 1918, page 1 [175]

South Bend news-times., February 06, 1918, EVENING EDITION, page 3 [176]

76 after 03.04.1918 Roberts Wisconsin <unknown> school books every German text book school board schools principal Grant County herald. [volume], April 03, 1918, page 6 [177]
77 before 14.08.1917 São Paulo Brasilien <unknown> „Diario Allemao" ("German News Paper"; ger.:"Deutsche Zeitung") books every german book (the big anthologies too) MOB <unknown> Tägliche Omaha tribüne. [volume], August 14, 1917, page 7 [178]
78 at 18.04.1918 Sedgwick County Colorado <unknown> High school books, etc every german book and every german literature news paper „Grit-Advocate“ <unknown> The Julesburg grit-advocate., April 18, 1918, page 2 [179]
79 at 04.07.1918 Shawnee Oklahoma <unknown> school library books german books and literatur superintendent R. H. Wilson superintendents of city and county Tulsa daily world. [volume], July 03, 1918, FINAL EDITION, page 2 [180]
80 before 11.04.1918 SHELBY West Virginia <unknown> <unknown> books german text books students <unknown> The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume], April 11, 1918, page 2 [181]
81 before 10.04.1918 Shell Lake Wisconsin on public square High schools books every german text book citizens children Grant County herald. [volume], April 10, 1918, page 4 [182]

The Manitowoc pilot. [volume], April 11, 1918, page 7 [183]

82 at 29.04.1918 Sioux City Iowa athletic field Music-conservatory of Morningside college books german song books (nearly 100 volumes) students <unknown> Rock Island Argus., April 30, 1918, page 1 [184]

The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume], June 15, 1918, page 9 [185]
Webster City freeman. [volume], May 13, 1918, page 2 [186]
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume], May 01, 1918, page 6 [187]
Omaha daily bee., May 01, 1918, page 14 [188]
Luxemburger gazette. [volume], May 16, 1918, page 9 [189]

83 before 10.04.1918 Spooner Wisconsin on public square High schools books every german text book citizens children Grant County herald. [volume], April 10, 1918, page 4 [190]

The Manitowoc pilot. [volume], April 11, 1918, page 7 [191]

84 at 12.03.1918 State Center Iowa school yard High school books every german text book students (15 or 20) <unknown> Evening times-Republican. [volume], March 13, 1918, page 8 [192]
85 at 19.03.1918 State Center Iowa school yard High school books german text books students (15 or 20) <unknown> Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume], March 22, 1918, page 4 [193]
86 at 23.04.1918 Stratford Iowa <unknown> school books, etc german text books (all leftovers: text books, dictionaries, every german book/document/note book ) students president Dr. M. A. Beach of the school board Webster City freeman. [volume], April 29, 1918, page 4 [194]
87 at 24.04.1918 Stratford Iowa <unknown> school books german text books (a number) students president Dr. M. A. Beach of the school board Webster City freeman. [volume], April 29, 1918, page 4 [195]
88 before 29.04.1918 Susquehanna Maryland college yard college books, songs every german text book;

every german music

students Misses Swartz, McCormick and Reinhold The daily banner., April 29, 1918, page 4 [196]
89 at 26.05.1918 Sutherland Nebraska <unknown> some schools books every german text book citizens Sergeant Stephens ;

James . A. Eastwood, local leader of the Four-Minute Men;
Trommlerbands.
Mothers of soldiers,
civil war veterans,
Red Cross;
Yankee Girls;
Rev. C. Newkirk;
Richter J. G. Beeler from North Platte. ;
Menge von 1500

Omaha daily bee., May 27, 1918, page 3 [197]
90 at 20.12.1917 Terre Haute Indiana <unknown> city library books „all books (with "attitude of the teutonic autocracy")“ President W. W. Parsons of the Indiana State Normal School school board The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume], December 20, 1917, page 1 [198]
91 before 25.04.1918 Wellsburg West Virginia <unknown> High schools books german text books <unknown> <unknown> The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume], April 25, 1918, page 6 [199]
92 at 07.08.1918 Westby Wisconsin <unknown> school books every german book <unknown> Soldaten Baraboo weekly news. [volume], August 08, 1918, page 8 [200]

Grant County herald. [volume], August 28, 1918, page 3 [201]

93 at 17.03.1918 Wheaton Minnesota <unknown> High school books every german text book <unknown> <unknown> Grand Forks herald. [volume], March 18, 1918, page 5 [202]

The Fargo forum and daily republican. [volume], March 18, 1918, page 1 [203]

94 before 17.05.1918 Wilmington Delaware Baugelände private library of Mrs. William E. Day books german books(many) Mrs. William E. Day <unknown> Elko independent. [volume], May 17, 1918, page 1 [204]

Richmond times-dispatch. [volume], May 19, 1918, page 31 [205]

95 after 07.02.1916 Windsor Canada <unknown> city library books every german book MOB („deputation of border city patriots“) Andrew Baird, (sekretary of the school board) The Detroit times. [volume], February 07, 1916, LAST EDITION, page 2 [206]
96 before 17.06.1918 Woodstown New Jersey school yard Central High school books german text books (Riesenfeuer) students <unknown> Alexandria gazette. [volume], June 17, 1918, page 1 [207]
97 at 26.04.1918 Tuscarawas County Ohio Courthouse High school,public collection books german text books (500 volumes) students citizens (2000; incl. 800 students), "New Philadelphia High boys’ Band",
lawyer Henry Bowers
http://www.timesreporter.com/local_news/x47243802/Anti-German-sentiments-ran-high-in-1918 Archived 2011-12-22 at the Wayback Machine[1]

References

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