Group Captain Douglas Ernest Lancelot "Del" Wilson (1 December 1898 – 2 August 1950) was a senior officer of the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) during World War II.
D. E. L. (Douglas) Wilson | |
|---|---|
| Nickname(s) | "Del" [1] |
| Born | 1 December 1898 Lithgow, New South Wales |
| Died | 1 August 1950 (aged 51) Concord, New South Wales |
| Buried | Lithgow |
| Allegiance | Australia |
| Service | Australian Army (1916–23) Royal Australian Air Force (1923–46) |
| Years of service | 1916–1946 |
| Rank | Group Captain |
| Commands | Western Area, RAAF (1945) RAF Holme-on-Spalding Moor (1943) RAF Linton-on-Ouse (1943) RAF Wyton (1943) AUSGROUP, ABDACOM (1942) North-Western Area, RAAF (1942–43) |
| Awards | War Cross (Czechoslovakia) |
During early 1942, as an acting Air Commodore, Wilson was part of the short-lived Allied supreme command for South East Asia and the South West Pacific, the American-British-Dutch-Australian Command (ABDACOM). Afterwards, he was attached to the Royal Air Force (RAF) in North West Europe, and spent more than a year as a prisoner of war (POW) in Nazi Germany.
Early life and career
editWilson was the son of Ellen and Henry E. Wilson.[2] Wilson was born on 1 December 1898 at Lithgow, New South Wales.[3][4] Wilson grew up at Lithgow.[2][5]
Shortly after graduating from Sydney Boys High School in 1916, Wilson passed the examination for entrance to the Australian Army college, Duntroon.[5] He entered the college the following year and remained there until 1920, when he was seconded to the British Army. In the UK, Wilson underwent training with the Royal Garrison Artillery.[3]
Transferring to the RAAF when it was established in 1923, Wilson was a member of the first group to graduate from No. 1 Flying Training School. Others who graduated at the same time and later became prominent in military or civil aviation, included Joe Hewitt, Frank Bladin, and Lester Brain.[1] As a member of this pioneering class, Wilson carried the distinctive two-digit service number 16 (sometimes A16), throughout his career.
He later attended RAF Staff College, in England.[3]
By early 1939, Wilson had been appointed commanding officer (CO) of No. 6 Squadron RAAF which was using Avro Ansons for maritime patrols and joint exercises with the Royal Australian Navy.
World War II
editWilson's ... tenacious pursuit [at the Air Court of Inquiry into the 1940 Canberra air disaster] of a theory that could not be proved appears consistent with Jack Graham's memory of him as 'a most peculiar bloke, [a] most erratic fellow...he was quite unpredictable'. Joe Hewitt, who knew Wilson well, described him as an introvert. 'He was,' Hewitt remembered, 'a violinist of some ability, and would often lose himself in playing a wealth of classical music.' But, as the Air Court demonstrated, he would not remain in his shell when circumstances permitted his forceful presence.[According to the wartime head of public relations for the RAAF] John Harrison ... when Wilson became a POW and senior British officer in Stalag Luft III, someone who had either 'served or suffered' under him remarked: 'God help the Germans.'
—Cameron Hazlehurst, Ten Journeys to Cameron's Farm: An Australian Tragedy, Canberra: ANU E Press, 2013, p.500.
The Pacific
editWilson commanded RAAF stations and held staff positions in Australia for the first few years of the war.[3]
After the crash at Canberra in 1940 of an RAAF Lockheed Hudson, which killed 10 people, including three members of Cabinet and the army's Chief of General Staff (General Sir Brudenell White), Wilson was appointed technical assistant to Arthur Dean, counsel assisting the Air Court of Inquiry that followed.[1]
In late 1941, Wilson – with the rank of acting Air Commodore – was appointed commander of North-West Area (NWA), a newly formed RAAF command, headquartered at RAAF Darwin.[3] On 20 January 1942, the Australian government temporarily ceded operational control of military forces in northern Australia to ABDACOM:[6] an ambitious, but short-lived and shambolic supreme command, encompassing Allied forces throughout South East Asia and the South West Pacific. As a result, Wilson nominally headed an ABDACOM subcommand, AUSGROUP (sometimes "Darwin Command"): in addition to NWA, AUSGROUP nominally controlled Allied military aviation in Dutch New Guinea, the Molucca Sea and the northern part of RAAF Western Area.[7] Wilson's immediate superior was the commander of Allied air forces (ABDAIR), Air Marshal Sir Richard Peirse (RAF), who reported directly to General Sir Archibald Wavell (British Army), supreme commander of ABDACOM whose headquarters were at Bandung (Bandoeng), in Java.
Observing that any concentration of military aviation facilities, aircraft and personnel, at a relatively small airfield, made it vulnerable and attractive to enemy attack, Wilson began to consider dispersal and decentralisation. Following reports, on 27 January, that the formidable Japanese combined carrier fleet had entered the Flores Sea, Wilson ordered the dispersal of assets at RAAF Darwin. Repair and maintenance equipment and staff were moved to Daly Waters, almost 300 miles (480 km) further south.[8] However, when Wilson also ordered the transfer of obsolete aircraft (five CAC Wirraway armed trainers belonging to No. 12 Squadron RAAF) to Daly Waters, he was overruled by the Deputy Chief of Air Staff, Air Vice Marshal William Bostock. (Three of the Wirraways were damaged and written-off following the first air raid on Darwin – see below.)[8] At around the same time, Wilson ordered the arrest of a civilian suspected of signalling enemy vessels using an improvised signal lamp, from a location near RAAF Darwin.[9] During early February, NWA was inspected by Air Commodore George Jones (soon to be appointed Chief of the Air Staff), who reported deficiencies in morale and aircraft serviceability amongst its combat units: 2, 12 and 13 squadrons.[10]
On 19 February, while Wilson was attending to ABDACOM duties in Java, Darwin suffered a massive air raid. The Allies suffered significant losses: at least 236 civilians and military personnel were killed, 11 vessels were sunk in Darwin Harbour and 31 aircraft were destroyed.[11][12] The only fighter aircraft present, a squadron of P-40E Warhawks of the United States Army Air Force, were overwhelmed and/or destroyed on the ground. By the end of March Allied resistance in the Dutch East Indies had collapsed by the end of March, and ABDA was dissolved, along with its sub-commands. Criticised regarding their preparations for and responses to the first air raids, Wilson, his deputy, Group Captain Frederick Scherger, and the station commander of RAAF Darwin, Wing Commander Sturt Griffith, were posted out of NWA.
Europe
editWilson was attached on exchange to the RAF in January 1943 and posted as a Group Captain to the UK, where he served as Officer Commanding at three RAF Bomber Command stations in rapid succession: RAF Wyton, RAF Linton-on-Ouse, and RAF Holme-on-Spalding Moor.[3]
During this period, Bomber Command was involved in a pivotal strategic bombing campaign against the Ruhr, where German war industries were concentrated. These targets were heavily defended and Allied losses were considerable. The casualty rate, combined apparently with the blunt tone of Wilson's instructions to aircrews under his command, attracted the antipathy of some of them. For example, one pilot, Flight Lieutenant Ron Read (RAF), commented that
- Wilson was a dry humourless Australian, who had ... had no [direct] experience ... in operations. What made him very unpopular was his attitude in his first couple of briefings, telling us, most ... veterans of many ops, how we should press on ... to attack the heavy Ruhr targets, which we were doing two or three times a week in some cases.[13]
According to Read, senior aircrew suggested to Wilson that perhaps he should fly on an operation himself, believing that afterwards he might not be "so critical" or, "we slyly thought ... might go for the chop himself" (i.e. be shot down).
Wilson flew operationally, for the first and only time, on the night of 22/23 June 1943.[3] He was officially, second pilot of a Handley Page Halifax Mk V, DK224 (squadron code "MP-Q"), from 76 Sqn RAF, captained by Pilot Officer James Carrie (RAF). DK224 was the last bomber to reach and bomb a target at Mülheim, Germany that night.[14] On the return leg, at about 0158 hours, the bomber came under attack over the Netherlands, by Luftwaffe night-fighter ace, Oberleutnant Werner Baake of 1./NJG1.[15] After the Halifax was severely damaged by Baake and the controls became unresponsive, Carrie ordered the crew to bale out. The flight engineer, Sgt Richard Huke (RAF), was killed by a parachute malfunction; the other members landed safely, close to Zuylen Castle.
While several crew members were captured soon afterwards, Wilson, Carrie and wireless operator Sgt Elliott McVitie (RAF) made contact with a Dutch resistance "escape line" known as Luctor et Emergo (later Fiat Libertas), which had been organised to smuggle Allied aircrews out of occupied Europe.[16][17] They travelled undercover into Belgium, where they were handed over to the better-known "Comet line". However, during the first week of August, Wilson, Carrie and McVitie were apprehended in Paris, by either the Gestapo or GFP, and became prisoners of war (POW).[3]
At Stalag Luft III (SLIII), near Sagan, Silesia (now Żagań, Poland), Wilson reportedly assisted in a successful escape, which one of the escapees, Flight Lieutenant Eric Williams (RAF), later recounted in a book that became a popular film adaptation:The Wooden Horse (1950).[3]
The even more famous "Great Escape" of March 1944, which took place in another compound at SLIII, did not involve Wilson. However, he succeeded Gp Capt. Herbert Massey as the Senior British Officer (SBO) at SLIII soon afterwards. On 17 April 1944, Wilson surreptitiously passed to an official visitor from the Swiss Red Cross a list, compiled by other POWs, giving the names of 47 Allied personnel whom POWs believed had been murdered following the Great Escape by the Gestapo.[18] It was later established that 50 Allied POWs were shot on the personal orders of Adolf Hitler. (Wilson would later gave statements to war crimes prosecutors regarding these and other events.)
After the camp was liberated, two former POWs who had been convicted of collaborating with German authorities made similar accusations against Wilson. He was not charged after the British Judge Advocate General found that no offence had been committed.[19]
Post-war
editIn October 1945, after returning to Australia, Wilson was appointed commander of Western Area RAAF in Perth. He tendered his resignation from the RAAF on 1 February 1946 and was placed on the Retired List on 20 March.[3]
In 1949, Wilson was awarded the Czechoslovakian Válečný kříž 1939–1945 ("War Cross 1939–1945"; sometimes referred to as the "Czechoslovakian Military Cross"),[20] for interceding on behalf of Free Czechoslovakian POWs at Stalag Luft III.
He retired to a property at Glen Alvie, near Ebor in northern New South Wales. Wilson died, following an illness, at Concord Hospital, Sydney on 2 August 1950. Wilson was buried near his parents, in the Anglican section of Lithgow cemetery.[2]
Footnotes
edit- ^ a b c Cameron Hazlehurst, 2013, Ten Journeys to Cameron's Farm: An Australian Tragedy, ANU E Press, p. 474.
- ^ a b c FamilySearch, 2014, ""Australia, Sydney Branch Genealogical Library, Cemetery Inscriptions, 1800–1960" (18 May 2017).
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Wilson Douglas Ernest Lancelot". NAA. RAAF service record, 1923–46
- ^ Registry of Births, Deaths & Marriages (NSW), Wilson, Douglas E L, no. 4276/1899.
- ^ a b ""LEAVING" EXAMINATION RESULTS". Lithgow Mercury. New South Wales, Australia. 24 January 1917. p. 2.
- ^ Douglas Gillison, 1962, Second World War Official Histories Volume I – Royal Australian Air Force, 1939–1942. Canberra: Australian War Memorial, pp. 301–3.
- ^ General Staff, India, 1942, "ABDACOM" an official account of events in the South-West Pacific Command, January–February 1942, New Delhi, Government of India, p.6, and; Louis Morton, 1962, United States Army in World War II The War in the Pacific Strategy and Command: The First Two Years, Washington D. C., Center for Military History, p. 169.
- ^ a b Timothy Hall, 2015, Darwin 1942, Australia Darkest Hour, Abingdon, UK/New York, Routledge, p. 108.
- ^ Hall, Darwin 1942, Australia Darkest Hour, pp. 113–4.
- ^ Peter Helson, 2010, The Private Air Marshal. Canberra: Air Power Development Centre, p. 145.
- ^ Lewis, Tom; Ingman, Peter (2013), Carrier attack Darwin 1942 : the complete guide to Australia's own Pearl Harbor, Kent Town, South Australia Avonmore Books, ISBN 978-0-9871519-3-3
- ^ "Northern Territory Library | Summary of Roll of Honour". Ntlexhibit.nt.gov.au. 19 February 1942. Archived from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
- ^ Martin W. Bowman, 2006, Flying Into the Flames of Hell: Dramatic First Hand Accounts of British and Commonwealth Airmen in RAF Bomber Command in WW2. Barnsley UK; Pen & Sword, p. 192.
- ^ Alan W. Cooper, 2013, Air Battle of the Ruhr: RAF Offensive March – July 1943, Barnsley UK; Pen & Sword, p. 361.
- ^ J. Alwyn Phillips, 1992, The Valley of the Shadow of Death: an account of the Royal Air Force Bomber Command night bombing and mine laying operations including "The Battle of the Ruhr" March 5th/6th to July 18th/19, 1943, New Malden, UK; Air Research Publications, p. 438.
- ^ WWII Netherlands Escape Lines, 2015, Luctola|r et Emergo/Fiat Libertas (26 May 2017).
- ^ Ligne Comète Line – Remembrance, n.d., fiche C135 (in French) (26 May 2017).
- ^ Simon Read, Human Game: Hunting the Great Escape Murderers, London, Constable & Robinson, p. 21
- ^ Oliver Clutton-Brock, 2003, Footprints on the Sands of Time: RAF Bomber Command Prisoners-of-War in Germany 1939–1945, London, Grub Street Publishing, pp. 181, 504.
- ^ Supplement to the London Gazette of Friday, 7th October, 1949 (19 May 2017).
References
edit- Wilson Douglas Ernest Lancelot (RAAF service record, 1923–46), series no. A9300, control symbol WILSON D E L, barcode 5256735
- Armidale Express & New England General Advertiser, "Death of Air Commodore D. E. L. WILSON", 1 September 1950, p. 8.