# Dirac–von Neumann axioms

In mathematical physics, the Dirac–von Neumann axioms give a mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics in terms of operators on a Hilbert space. They were introduced by Paul Dirac in 1930 and John von Neumann in 1932.

## Hilbert space formulation

The space ${\displaystyle \mathbb {H} }$  is a fixed complex Hilbert space of countable infinite dimension.

• The observables of a quantum system are defined to be the (possibly unbounded) self-adjoint operators ${\displaystyle A}$  on ${\displaystyle \mathbb {H} }$  .
• A state ${\displaystyle \psi }$  of the quantum system is a unit vector of ${\displaystyle \mathbb {H} }$ , up to scalar multiples.
• The expectation value of an observable A for a system in a state ${\displaystyle \psi }$  is given by the inner product ${\displaystyle \langle \psi ,A\psi \rangle }$ .

## Operator algebra formulation

The Dirac–von Neumann axioms can be formulated in terms of a C* algebra as follows.

• The bounded observables of the quantum mechanical system are defined to be the self-adjoint elements of the C* algebra.
• The states of the quantum mechanical system are defined to be the states of the C* algebra (in other words the normalized positive linear functionals ${\displaystyle \omega }$ ).
• The value ${\displaystyle \omega (A)}$  of a state ${\displaystyle \omega }$  on an element ${\displaystyle A}$  is the expectation value of the observable ${\displaystyle A}$  if the quantum system is in the state ${\displaystyle \omega }$ .

### Example

If the C* algebra is the algebra of all bounded operators on a Hilbert space ${\displaystyle \mathbb {H} }$ , then the bounded observables are just the bounded self-adjoint operators on ${\displaystyle \mathbb {H} }$ . If ${\displaystyle v}$  is a unit vector of ${\displaystyle \mathbb {H} }$  then ${\displaystyle \omega (A)=\langle v,Av\rangle }$  is a state on the C* algebra, meaning the unit vectors (up to scalar multiplication) give the states of the system. This is similar to Dirac's formulation of quantum mechanics, though Dirac also allowed unbounded operators, and did not distinguish clearly between self-adjoint and Hermitian operators.

## References

• Dirac, Paul (1930), The Principles of Quantum Mechanics
• Strocchi, F. (2008), An introduction to the mathematical structure of quantum mechanics. A short course for mathematicians, Advanced Series in Mathematical Physics, 28 (2 ed.), World Scientific Publishing Co., Bibcode:2008ASMP...28.....S, doi:10.1142/7038, ISBN 9789812835222, MR 2484367
• Takhtajan, Leon A. (2008), Quantum mechanics for mathematicians, Graduate Studies in Mathematics, 95, Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society, doi:10.1090/gsm/095, ISBN 978-0-8218-4630-8, MR 2433906
• von Neumann, John (1932), Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics, Berlin: Springer, MR 0066944