Wikipedia

Dina Pronicheva

Dina (Vera) Mironovna Pronicheva (Ukrainian: Діна Миронівна Пронічева, Dina Mironivna Pronicheva; 7 January 1911 – 1977) was a Soviet Jewish actress at the Kiev Puppet Theatre, military communications-trained 37th Army of the Soviet Union veteran, and a survivor of the 29–30 September 1941 Babi Yar massacre of Jews by Nazi German forces in Kyiv[1] who also worked for the German occupation.

Dina (Vera) Mironovna Pronicheva
Pronicheva on the witness stand at a Kyiv war-crimes trial of fifteen members of the German police responsible for the occupied Kyiv region (24 January 1946)
Born(1911-01-07)7 January 1911
Chernigov, Chernigov Governorate, Russian Empire
Died1977 (aged 65/66)
Kyiv, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union
Allegiance Soviet Union
Service/branchRed Army
Years of service1941
Unit 37th Army (Soviet Union), Red Army
Battles/warsBattle of Kyiv (1941), World War II

Multiple Contradictory Testimonies edit

Forming a coherent version of Dina Pronicheva's life is hindered by the multiple contradictory verbal and written testimonies. Karel C. Berkhoff attributes the contradictions in Dina's testimonies to several factors, "Official censorship, self-censorship, and undue artistic or editorial license produced records that differ in substance and, especially, style. Most of the texts fail to meet the standards of contemporary oral history interviews." Pronicheva later stated in West Germany that she never wrote her testimony down herself. Berkhoff also states that "it looks as if she may have given in to pretrial pressure from the Kiev tribunal prosecution to say certain things". Berkhoff recommends using the Soviet Union historian testimony version.[2] The Soviet Union historian testimony version includes an account of Pronicheva's vivid hallucinations while at Babi Yar, seeing people who were not there.[3] Most versions of her testimony are given under the name Dina Pronicheva, but another is given under the name Dina Wasserman or Vasserman.

Biography edit

According to her written testimony to a 1946 trial of 15 accused Germans, Dina Pronicheva was born in Chernihiv on 7 January 1911[4] and was of Jewish ethnicity. She completed theatrical and military communications school. In 1941 she was working at a puppet theatre, then joined the 37th Army of the Soviet Union to work in the communications branch. She was then transferred as a typist of the 37th Army. On 17 September 1941 she was told to stay behind enemy lines while the Army retreated.

Experience under German Occupation edit

Germans Hunting for Jews after Fires in Kyiv

Pronicheva testifies that after fires broke out in Kiev on 24 and 25 September, "hunting for Jews began. Germans were going from flat to flat at night, searching for Jews. I was living with my mother-in-law. She was a pious woman, and icons were hanging on the walls, and when Germans came she pointed to the icons to indicate that we were Russians, and they did not bother me." After the fires, she says that there were "rumours in the city that all the fires were occurring because of Jews who had remained here and had not been evacuated."[4]

Experience Arriving at Babyn Yar

On 28 September 1941, an order signed by the commandant's office was then given for Jews to take warm clothes and assemble at Degtiarev Street the following day at 8:00 a.m. or face execution.[5] Karel C. Berkhoff states that the order was unsigned.[6] Dina Pronicheva's brothers remained with the Soviet forces and left for the front and she left her children with her husband. At the Jewish cemetery location, Pronicheva saw Germans and Ukrainians guarding anti-tank obstructions, letting people in but not out. Germans took her relatives' belongings and separated them from her. She saw Germans with knuckledusters, truncheons and heavy sticks beating people as they passed, including Pronicheva. According to Pronicheva's written testimony to Soviet historians, Pronicheva then looked at naked people walking towards being executed on a path below her and saw her mother, who shouted at her to leave as she did not look like a Jew. According to a different version of her testimony, Pronicheva was with her mother and they embraced while her mother told her she was Russian and should go.[7]

According to Pronicheva's testimony to Soviet historians, she then told a Ukrainian policeman that she was a Ukrainian, not a Jew, and was there by mistake. The policeman believed her due to the Russian patronymic on her trade union card and told her “Sit down and wait until evening. We’ll let you go after we’ve shot all the Jews.”[8] According to a second written testimony, she showed her passport to a fat officer at a desk and told him she was Russian, but a policeman ran over and said "Don't believe her, she is a kike. We know her…", so the German officer told her to stand to one side and was then ordered to strip and walk onto a precipice.[7] According to a different version of her testimony given under the name Dina Wasserman, she was registered in her passport as being Russian.[9] Another account states that she was registered as being of Jewish ethnicity.[2] In her testimony to Soviet historians, Pronicheva said that she had thrown away her identity card before reaching the area and was told not to strip as it was late in the day and the Germans were tired.[10] At the 1946 war crimes trial, Pronicheva testifies that she threw away her passport, then showed a policeman her trade union card and employment record which did not list her Jewish nationality and told him she was Ukrainian, and she was then taken to one side and told not to strip as it was getting late.[11]

Seeing Hair Turn White Before Her Eyes

While waiting, Pronicheva testifies that she saw people being undressed and beaten, turning grey in a matter of minutes, and that she saw infants being separated from their mothers and thrown over a sand wall.[12] Karel C. Berkhoff states that many of the various versions of Pronicheva's story "state that the hair of some victims at Babi Yar turned white (or gray) before Pronicheva’s eyes. While such phenomena have been mentioned in many other times and places, rapid whitening of scalp hair in extreme situations is impossible."[13]

Execution Ordered

Pronicheva testifies that a German officer told the group waiting that they would all be shot so there were no witnesses, but they were not undressed. After walking onto a ledge where people were machine gunned, she jumped off the cliff but felt no pain landing despite blood pouring from her face. A policeman or German then tripped over her, causing her to turn over. He then shone a torch on her face but did not see blood on her body. She was then picked up, beaten and thrown down, her chest and left hand were stood on, but played dead and the Germans walked away.[14]

First Escape and Vivid Hallucinations

Pronicheva then began to be buried alive with sand and started coughing, but moved the sand away with her good right hand which the German had not stepped on and moved away to a wall to hide behind the execution wall with a fourteen year old child she met named Motia, where at dawn she witnessed Germans raping and murdering Jewish women and killing a child and an old woman. She then began vividly hallucinating, seeing her family in front of her in white robes.[3] The account of her vivid hallucinations are not present in all versions of her testimony. After hallucinating and collapsing, she is then woken up by the boy.

When the boy she was with walked ahead of her, he was shot by the Germans.[4] In a different written testimony given under the name Dina Wasserman, she testifies that the boy told her that he was eleven years old and named Fima Schneidermann.[9]

Second Escape and Work for Nazi German Occupation

In the written testimony, she states that after leaving the ravine she then found a cottage, where the son of the inhabitant brought a German officer to her, telling the German she was a Jew.[15] She then carried out household work for several German officers until being placed in a vehicle with prisoners of war, which she jumped out of with another prisoner Liuba. The residence they moved to was then raided by police, but Pronicheva hid under pillows and was not found.

Later, Germans discovered them, but a companion of the German officers saved Pronicheva by claiming she worked for him and so moved them to a former army barracks where she worked for the Germans.

Pronicheva testifies that she was later betrayed, but policeman and Gestapo who came for her were told that she had a heart condition and was possibly not a Jew as her papers were in order.

Third Escape, Hospitalization and Imprisonment

Pronicheva testifies that again on 23 February 1942 the Gestapo came to take her away, but she hid in the attic and they did not find her, then she ran into the forest. At the Darnytsia bridge she did not have to show a pass, as she used a letter about her needing to attend hospital. She then stayed with several people and spent nights in attics, cellars, lavatories and ruins until she was picked up in the street and taken to hospital.

After leaving hospital she went to Shuliavka, where she was identified and captured. She was then held in Lukyanivska Prison for twenty-eight days.

Fourth Escape and Theatrical Work

Pronicheva testified at the trial that at Lukianivka prison a policeman named Mitia freed her, revealed himself to be a partisan and left her near the Kalinin hospital. She then left for Bila Tserkva, where she stayed with an acquaintance of her husband who thought she was Russian. She then attempted to work as a German translator in Rokytne, but was thought to be a Jew and persecuted, so she left. She worked in the theater. In the summer of 1943, Pronicheva and the Shevchenko Theatre arrived in Ruzhyn, where 38 Jews lived in a ghetto and worked as tailors. She fed them secretly, but she witnessed all apart from three being executed. She continued to work in the theater until the arrival of the Red Army on 28 December 1943.

Possible Additional Escape from Gas Chamber Van

According to Pronicheva's nephew Mikhail, after escaping from Babi Yar, when Dina Pronicheva tried to visit her children at her mother-in-law’s, "a cleaner in the block called the police, who took her son Vlodya hostage, threatening to kill him unless Dina handed herself in. When the police then called for the “soul destroyer” — a van equipped with a gas chamber — a friendly neighbour bribed a policeman to let Vlodya go."[16]

War Crimes Trial edit

Pronicheva was one of the very few survivors of the massacre. At least 28 other survivors are known.[17][18][19]

Pronicheva was the only survivor of the massacre to testify afterwards at the 24 January 1946 Kiev-based war-crimes trial.[11] Based on one of the at least 12 versions[20] of her testimony and other evidence at a trial supervised by the NKVD, 12 of the 15 accused German prisoners of war were executed, including Paul Scheer.[20][21]

She later related her horrifying story to writer Anatoly Kuznetsov, who incorporated it into his novel Babi Yar, published in censored form in Yunost in 1966.[22][23]

Later life edit

Dina Pronicheva returned to Babi Yar every year after the war, and appears to have addressed a crowd there on the 25th anniversary of the massacre. In 1967, during their preparations for a trial of former members of Sonderkommando 4a, officials in the West German city of Darmstadt apparently asked the Prosecutor’s Office in Kiev to question Pronicheva. The result of this deposition was a brief report in Russian, including the questions posed to her, dated February 9, 1967. This version incorrectly states that it is based on testimony given at a war crimes trial in 1945 rather than 1946.[24]

In fiction edit

Pronicheva's story is referenced in D.M. Thomas' 1981 novel The White Hotel. Thomas' 1988 memoir Memories and Hallucinations discusses the usage of Pronicheva's story.[25]

References edit

  1. ^ Brandon, Ray; Lower, Wendy (2008). The Shoah in Ukraine: history, testimony, memorialization. Indiana University Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-253-35084-8.
  2. ^ a b The Shoah in Ukraine : history, testimony, memorialization (PDF). Ray Brandon, Wendy Lower, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 2008. p. 294. ISBN 978-0-253-35084-8. OCLC 173248974. Archived from the original on 3 February 2023.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  3. ^ a b "What Happened at Babi Yar : a Yad Vashem Podcast". www.yadvashem.org. Archived from the original on 4 February 2023. Retrieved 2023-02-04.
  4. ^ a b c "B09 Babi Yar Survivor Dina Pronicheva describes her ordeal to Soviet Historians, 24 April 1946 | ehri online course in holocaust studies" (PDF). training.ehri-project.eu. Archived from the original on 3 February 2023. Retrieved 2023-02-03.
  5. ^ "B09 Babi Yar Survivor Dina Pronicheva describes her ordeal to Soviet Historians, 24 April 1946 | ehri online course in holocaust studies". training.ehri-project.eu. Retrieved 2023-02-03.
  6. ^ The Shoah in Ukraine : history, testimony, memorialization. Ray Brandon, Wendy Lower, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 2008. p. 291. ISBN 978-0-253-35084-8. OCLC 173248974.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  7. ^ a b "Written Testimonies". www.yadvashem.org. Archived from the original on 2022-03-01. Retrieved 2023-02-03.
  8. ^ "B09 Babi Yar Survivor Dina Pronicheva describes her ordeal to Soviet Historians, 24 April 1946 | ehri online course in holocaust studies". training.ehri-project.eu. Retrieved 2023-02-03.
  9. ^ a b Arad, Yitzhak (2009). Holocaust in the Soviet Union (PDF). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-2270-0. OCLC 466441935. Archived from the original on 3 February 2023.
  10. ^ "B09 Babi Yar Survivor Dina Pronicheva describes her ordeal to Soviet Historians, 24 April 1946 | ehri online course in holocaust studies". training.ehri-project.eu. Retrieved 2023-02-03.
  11. ^ a b BABYN YAR. CONTEXT. R13/ DINA PRONICHEVA, retrieved 2023-02-03
  12. ^ "B09 Babi Yar Survivor Dina Pronicheva describes her ordeal to Soviet Historians, 24 April 1946 | ehri online course in holocaust studies". training.ehri-project.eu. Retrieved 2023-02-03.
  13. ^ The Shoah in Ukraine : history, testimony, memorialization (PDF). Ray Brandon, Wendy Lower, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 2008. p. 310. ISBN 978-0-253-35084-8. OCLC 173248974. Archived from the original on 3 February 2023.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  14. ^ "B09 Babi Yar Survivor Dina Pronicheva describes her ordeal to Soviet Historians, 24 April 1946 | ehri online course in holocaust studies". training.ehri-project.eu. Retrieved 2023-02-03.
  15. ^ "B09 Babi Yar Survivor Dina Pronicheva describes her ordeal to Soviet Historians, 24 April 1946 | ehri online course in holocaust studies". training.ehri-project.eu. Retrieved 2023-02-03.
  16. ^ Freeman, Colin. "Babyn Yar Massacre 80 years on: 'I played dead as an SS man trod on my chest'". www.thejc.com. Retrieved 2023-02-03.
  17. ^ http://www.kby.kiev.ua/book1/documents/doc27.html [bare URL]
  18. ^ http://www.kby.kiev.ua/book1/documents/doc63.html [bare URL]
  19. ^ [At least 29 survivors are known. see http://www.izvestia.ru/hystory/article3096753/] Archived November 22, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  20. ^ a b The Shoah in Ukraine : history, testimony, memorialization (PDF). Ray Brandon, Wendy Lower, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 2008. pp. 295–296. ISBN 978-0-253-35084-8. OCLC 173248974. Archived from the original on 3 February 2023.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  21. ^ Der Nationalsozialismus vor Gericht : die alliierten Prozesse gegen Kriegsverbrecher und Soldaten 1943-1952. Rainer A. Blasius, Gerd R. Ueberschär (Originalausg ed.). Frankfurt a.M.: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag. 1999. pp. 246f, 257. ISBN 3-596-13589-3. OCLC 47651260.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  22. ^ Анатолій Кузнєцов. «Бабин яр»
  23. ^ "A Survivor of the Babi Yar Massacre," Heritage: Civilization and the Jews (PBS). Gilbert (1985): 204-205. Archived March 14, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  24. ^ The Shoah in Ukraine : history, testimony, memorialization. Ray Brandon, Wendy Lower, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 2008. pp. 294–295, 299, 315. ISBN 978-0-253-35084-8. OCLC 173248974.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  25. ^ Thomas, D. M. (1988). Memories and hallucinations : a memoir (1st American ed.). New York, N.Y., U.S.A.: Viking. ISBN 0-670-82357-0. OCLC 17803484.

Further reading edit

External links edit

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