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Estradiol dipropionate

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Estradiol dipropionate (EDP), sold under the brand names Agofollin, Di-Ovocylin, and Progynon DP among others, is an estrogen medication which has been used in hormone therapy for menopausal symptoms and low estrogen levels in women and in the treatment of gynecological disorders.[8][9][10][11][12][13] It has also been used in feminizing hormone therapy for transgender women and in the treatment of prostate cancer in men.[14][8] Although widely used in the past, estradiol dipropionate has largely been discontinued and is mostly no longer available today.[15][13][11] It appears to remain in use only in Japan, Macedonia, and Australia.[13] Estradiol dipropionate is given by injection into muscle at intervals ranging from once or twice a week to once every week and a half to two weeks.[8][16][14]

Estradiol dipropionate
Clinical data
Trade namesAgofollin, Di-Ovocylin, Progynon DP, others
Other namesEDP; Estradiol dipropionate; Estradiol 3,17β-dipropionate; Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17β-diol 3,17β-dipropanoate
Routes of
administration		Intramuscular injection
Drug classEstrogen; Estrogen ester
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
  • In general: ℞ (Prescription only)
Pharmacokinetic data
BioavailabilityIM: High[1]
Protein bindingEstradiol: ~98% (to albumin and SHBGTooltip sex hormone-binding globulin)[2][3]
MetabolismCleavage via esterases in the liver, blood, and tissues[4][5]
MetabolitesEstradiol, benzoic acid, and metabolites of estradiol[4][5]
Elimination half-lifeUnknown
Duration of actionIM (5 mg): 5–8 days[6][7]
ExcretionUrine
Identifiers
  • [(8R,9S,13S,14S,17S)-13-methyl-3-propanoyloxy-6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-decahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-yl] propanoate
CAS Number
PubChem CID
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.003.660 Edit this at Wikidata
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC24H32O4
Molar mass384.516 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • O=C(Oc1cc3c(cc1)[C@H]2CC[C@@]4([C@@H](OC(=O)CC)CC[C@H]4[C@@H]2CC3)C)CC
  • InChI=1S/C24H32O4/c1-4-22(25)27-16-7-9-17-15(14-16)6-8-19-18(17)12-13-24(3)20(19)10-11-21(24)28-23(26)5-2/h7,9,14,18-21H,4-6,8,10-13H2,1-3H3/t18-,19-,20+,21+,24+/m1/s1
  • Key:JQIYNMYZKRGDFK-RUFWAXPRSA-N

Side effects of estradiol dipropionate include breast tenderness, breast enlargement, nausea, headache, and fluid retention.[17] Estradiol dipropionate is an estrogen and hence is an agonist of the estrogen receptor, the biological target of estrogens like estradiol.[5][4] It is an estrogen ester and a prodrug of estradiol in the body.[4][5] Because of this, it is considered to be a natural and bioidentical form of estrogen.[4]

Estradiol dipropionate was patented in 1937[18] and was introduced for medical use by 1940.[19][20] It was one of the earliest estradiol esters to be used.[8] Along with estradiol benzoate, estradiol dipropionate was among the most widely used esters of estradiol for many years following its introduction.[15]

Medical uses

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The medical uses of estradiol dipropionate are the same as those of estradiol and other estrogens.[8][9] Estradiol dipropionate is used in hormone therapy for the treatment of menopausal symptoms such as hot flashes and vaginal atrophy and in the treatment of hypoestrogenism and delayed puberty due to hypogonadism or other causes in women.[8][9] It is also used in feminizing hormone therapy for transgender women.[14] Aside from hormone therapy, estradiol dipropionate is used in the treatment of gynecological disorders such as menstrual disorders, dysfunctional uterine bleeding, and breast engorgement.[8][9] In addition, it is used as a form of high-dose estrogen therapy in the palliative treatment of prostate cancer in men.[8]

Estradiol dipropionate has typically been used at a dosage of 1 to 5 mg once or twice per week by intramuscular injection for relevant indications.[8][16] It has been used in the treatment of menopausal symptoms at a dosage of 1 to 5 mg initially for two to three injections and 1 to 2.5 mg for maintenance once every 10 to 14 days, and in the treatment of hypoestrogenism and delayed puberty at a dosage of 2.5 to 5 mg once per week.[8][21] As a component of feminizing hormone therapy for transgender women, estradiol dipropionate has been used at dosages of 2 to 10 mg once per week or 5 to 20 mg once every 2 weeks.[14] In the treatment of prostate cancer, estradiol dipropionate has been used at a dosage of 5 mg once per week.[8]

Available forms

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See also: Estradiol dipropionate/hydroxyprogesterone caproate

Estradiol dipropionate was previously available by itself as an oil solution for intramuscular injection provided as vials and ampoules at concentrations of 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2.5, and 5 mg/mL.[8][22][23][24][25] The medication has largely been discontinued, with most of these formulations no longer being available.[11][13] Estradiol dipropionate remains available at a concentration of 1 mg/mL in combination with 50 mg/mL hydroxyprogesterone caproate under the brand name EP Hormone Depot (Teikoku Zoki Pharmaceutical Company) in Japan.[26][27][28][29][30][31][32]

Contraindications

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See also: Estradiol (medication) § Contraindications

Contraindications of estrogens include coagulation problems, cardiovascular diseases, liver disease, and certain hormone-sensitive cancers such as breast cancer and endometrial cancer, among others.[33][34][35][36]

Side effects

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Main article: Estradiol (medication) § Side effects

The side effects of estradiol dipropionate are the same as those of estradiol. Examples of such side effects include breast tenderness and enlargement, nausea, bloating, edema, headache, and melasma.[17]

Overdose

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See also: Estradiol (medication) § Overdose

Symptoms of estrogen overdosage may include nausea, vomiting, bloating, increased weight, water retention, breast tenderness, vaginal discharge, heavy legs, and leg cramps.[33] These side effects can be diminished by reducing the estrogen dosage.[33]

Interactions

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See also: Estradiol (medication) § Interactions

Inhibitors and inducers of cytochrome P450 may influence the metabolism of estradiol and by extension circulating estradiol levels.[37]

Pharmacology

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Estradiol, the active form of estradiol dipropionate.

Pharmacodynamics

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See also: Pharmacodynamics of estradiol

Estradiol dipropionate is an estradiol ester, or a prodrug of estradiol.[4][5] As such, it is an estrogen, or an agonist of the estrogen receptors.[4][5] Estradiol dipropionate is of about 41% higher molecular weight than estradiol due to the presence of its C3 and C17β propionate esters.[10][11] Because estradiol dipropionate is a prodrug of estradiol, it is considered to be a natural and bioidentical form of estrogen.[4]

Potencies and durations of natural estrogens by intramuscular injection
Estrogen Form Dose (mg) Duration by dose (mg)
EPD CICD
Estradiol Aq. soln. ? – <1 d
Oil soln. 40–60 – 1–2 ≈ 1–2 d
Aq. susp. ? 3.5 0.5–2 ≈ 2–7 d; 3.5 ≈ >5 d
Microsph. ? – 1 ≈ 30 d
Estradiol benzoate Oil soln. 25–35 – 1.66 ≈ 2–3 d; 5 ≈ 3–6 d
Aq. susp. 20 – 10 ≈ 16–21 d
Emulsion ? – 10 ≈ 14–21 d
Estradiol dipropionate Oil soln. 25–30 – 5 ≈ 5–8 d
Estradiol valerate Oil soln. 20–30 5 5 ≈ 7–8 d; 10 ≈ 10–14 d;
40 ≈ 14–21 d; 100 ≈ 21–28 d
Estradiol benz. butyrate Oil soln. ? 10 10 ≈ 21 d
Estradiol cypionate Oil soln. 20–30 – 5 ≈ 11–14 d
Aq. susp. ? 5 5 ≈ 14–24 d
Estradiol enanthate Oil soln. ? 5–10 10 ≈ 20–30 d
Estradiol dienanthate Oil soln. ? – 7.5 ≈ >40 d
Estradiol undecylate Oil soln. ? – 10–20 ≈ 40–60 d;
25–50 ≈ 60–120 d
Polyestradiol phosphate Aq. soln. 40–60 – 40 ≈ 30 d; 80 ≈ 60 d;
160 ≈ 120 d
Estrone Oil soln. ? – 1–2 ≈ 2–3 d
Aq. susp. ? – 0.1–2 ≈ 2–7 d
Estriol Oil soln. ? – 1–2 ≈ 1–4 d
Polyestriol phosphate Aq. soln. ? – 50 ≈ 30 d; 80 ≈ 60 d
Notes and sources
Notes: All aqueous suspensions are of microcrystalline particle size. Estradiol production during the menstrual cycle is 30–640 µg/d (6.4–8.6 mg total per month or cycle). The vaginal epithelium maturation dosage of estradiol benzoate or estradiol valerate has been reported as 5 to 7 mg/week. An effective ovulation-inhibiting dose of estradiol undecylate is 20–30 mg/month. Sources: See template.

Pharmacokinetics

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See also: Pharmacokinetics of estradiol

Compared to estradiol benzoate, a related estradiol ester, estradiol dipropionate has enhanced and prolonged effects.[38][16] Whereas the duration of action of estradiol benzoate is said to be 2 to 3 days, the duration of estradiol dipropionate has been said to be 1 to 2 weeks.[39] However, newer estradiol esters have longer durations than either estradiol benzoate or estradiol dipropionate; the duration of estradiol valerate has been said to be 1 to 3 weeks, and the duration of estradiol cypionate has been said to be 3 to 4 weeks.[39][16] A single intramuscular injection of 5 mg estradiol dipropionate has a duration of about 5 to 8 days.[6][7]

A single intramuscular injection of 50 μg/kg estradiol dipropionate in oil in 15 pubertal girls (about 1 mg for a 50-kg (110-lb) girl) was found to produce peak estradiol levels of about 215 pg/mL after 1.5 days.[40] Estradiol levels declined to about 90 pg/mL after 4 days.[40]

Hormone levels with estradiol dipropionate by intramuscular injection
  •  
    Estradiol levels after a single intramuscular injection of 50 μg/kg estradiol dipropionate in oil in pubertal girls.[40] This dose would be 1 mg in a 50-kg (110-lb) girl.[40] Source was Presl et al. (1976).[40]
  •  
    Vaginal cornification with a single intramuscular injection of different estradiol esters in oil solution in women.[41] Source was Schwartz & Soule (1955).[41]

Chemistry

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See also: Estrogen ester and List of estrogen esters § Estradiol esters

Estradiol dipropionate, also known as estradiol 3,17β-dipropionate, is a synthetic estrane steroid and a derivative of estradiol.[10][11] It is an estrogen ester; specifically, it is the C3,17β dipropionate ester of estradiol.[10][11]

The experimental octanol/water partition coefficient (logP) of estradiol dipropionate is 4.9.[42]

Structural properties of selected estradiol esters
Estrogen Structure Ester(s) Relative
mol. weight		 Relative
E2 contentb		 log Pc
Position(s) Moiet(ies) Type Lengtha
Estradiol
 
 – – – – 1.00 1.00 4.0
Estradiol acetate
 
 C3 Ethanoic acid Straight-chain fatty acid 2 1.15 0.87 4.2
Estradiol benzoate
 
 C3 Benzoic acid Aromatic fatty acid – (~4–5) 1.38 0.72 4.7
Estradiol dipropionate
 
 C3, C17β Propanoic acid (×2) Straight-chain fatty acid 3 (×2) 1.41 0.71 4.9
Estradiol valerate
 
 C17β Pentanoic acid Straight-chain fatty acid 5 1.31 0.76 5.6–6.3
Estradiol benzoate butyrate
 
 C3, C17β Benzoic acid, butyric acid Mixed fatty acid – (~6, 2) 1.64 0.61 6.3
Estradiol cypionate
 
 C17β Cyclopentylpropanoic acid Cyclic fatty acid – (~6) 1.46 0.69 6.9
Estradiol enanthate
 
 C17β Heptanoic acid Straight-chain fatty acid 7 1.41 0.71 6.7–7.3
Estradiol dienanthate
 
 C3, C17β Heptanoic acid (×2) Straight-chain fatty acid 7 (×2) 1.82 0.55 8.1–10.4
Estradiol undecylate
 
 C17β Undecanoic acid Straight-chain fatty acid 11 1.62 0.62 9.2–9.8
Estradiol stearate
 
 C17β Octadecanoic acid Straight-chain fatty acid 18 1.98 0.51 12.2–12.4
Estradiol distearate
 
 C3, C17β Octadecanoic acid (×2) Straight-chain fatty acid 18 (×2) 2.96 0.34 20.2
Estradiol sulfate
 
 C3 Sulfuric acid Water-soluble conjugate – 1.29 0.77 0.3–3.8
Estradiol glucuronide
 
 C17β Glucuronic acid Water-soluble conjugate – 1.65 0.61 2.1–2.7
Estramustine phosphated
 
 C3, C17β Normustine, phosphoric acid Water-soluble conjugate – 1.91 0.52 2.9–5.0
Polyestradiol phosphatee
 
 C3–C17β Phosphoric acid Water-soluble conjugate – 1.23f 0.81f 2.9g
Footnotes: a = Length of ester in carbon atoms for straight-chain fatty acids or approximate length of ester in carbon atoms for aromatic or cyclic fatty acids. b = Relative estradiol content by weight (i.e., relative estrogenic exposure). c = Experimental or predicted octanol/water partition coefficient (i.e., lipophilicity/hydrophobicity). Retrieved from PubChem, ChemSpider, and DrugBank. d = Also known as estradiol normustine phosphate. e = Polymer of estradiol phosphate (~13 repeat units). f = Relative molecular weight or estradiol content per repeat unit. g = log P of repeat unit (i.e., estradiol phosphate). Sources: See individual articles.

History

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Estradiol dipropionate was first synthesized and patented in 1937.[43][18] It was assessed in clinical studies by 1939 and was introduced by Ciba as an oil solution for use by intramuscular injection under the brand name Di-Ovocylin by the same year.[43][38][19] Other formulations such as Ovocyclin P by Ciba, Progynon DP by Schering and Dimenformon Dipropionate by Roche-Organon were also marketed by the early 1940s.[44][45][20][46] Later in the 1940s the brand name Di-Ovocylin was changed by Ciba to Ovocylin Dipropionate.[22] Along with estradiol benzoate, which was introduced in 1933,[47] estradiol dipropionate was one of the first estradiol esters to be introduced for medical use.[48][45] Prior to the development and introduction of longer-acting estradiol esters like estradiol valerate and estradiol cypionate in the 1950s, estradiol dipropionate and estradiol benzoate were the most widely used estradiol esters.[15][49]

Society and culture

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Generic names

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Estradiol dipropionate is the generic name of the drug and its INNMTooltip International Nonproprietary Name, BANMTooltip British Approved Name, and JANTooltip Japanese Approved Name.[10][11][12][13]

Brand names

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Estradiol dipropionate has been marketed under a variety of brand names, including Agofollin, Akrofolline, Dihidrofolina "Kével", Dimenformon, Dimenformon Dipropionate, Diovocylin, Di-Ovocylin, Diprostron, Diprovex, Endofollicolina D.P., EP Hormone Depot (in combination with hydroxyprogesterone caproate), Estroici, Estronex, Follicyclin, Follicyclin P, Follikelmon Depot, Horiken-Depot, Nacyclyl, Oestradiol Galenika, Oestradiol Streuli, Orofollina, Ovacrin, Ovahormon Depot, Ovocylin, Ovocylin Dipropionate, Ovocylin P, and Progynon DP, among others.[50][10][11][12][51][52][13] Agofollin was an oil solution of estradiol dipropionate that was previously marketed in the Czech Republic and Slovakia.[53]

Availability

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Estradiol dipropionate has been discontinued in most countries, but remains available in Japan and Macedonia alone under the brand names Ovahormon and Oestradiol Galenika and/or in combination with hydroxyprogesterone caproate under the brand name EP Hormone Depot.[11][13] It is also marketed for use in veterinary medicine in combination with hydroxyprogesterone caproate and nandrolone decanoate under the brand name Reepair in Australia.[13]

See also

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References

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