Major Desmond Evelyn Longe, MC,[1] DL, (8 August 1914 – 19 February 1990) was a British Army Major, S.O.E agent and Commander of the Inter-Allied mission, Eucalyptus.
Desmond Evelyn Longe | |
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| Birth name | Desmond Evelyn Longe |
| Other name(s) | Refraction (codename) |
| Born | 8 August 1914 Norfolk, England |
| Died | 19 February 1990 (age 75 years) |
| Allegiance |  United Kingdom France |
| Service/ |  British ArmySpecial Operations Executive |
| Years of service | 1939–1945 |
| Rank | Major |
| Service number | 156248 |
| Unit | Norfolk Regiment |
| Commands held | Commander of Mission Eucalyptus |
| Battles/wars | World War II |
| Awards | Military Cross War Medal 1939-1945 1939-1945 Star High Sheriff of Norfolk Deputy Lieutenant of Norfolk |
Early life and family edit
Longe was born the son of the Rev. Charles Longe of Spixworth Park, Norfolk, England[2] and educated at Woodbridge School, Suffolk. Longe worked as a bank clerk in Jamaica before spending the majority of his wartime service in West Africa, India and Vassieux-en-Vercors in the department of Drôme in southeastern France.[3][4]
World War II edit
During the war, Longe served in the British Army as part of the clandestine Special Operations Executive (SOE). He served in West Africa, Middle East, Far East and North Western Europe. Longe was the commander of the Inter-Allied Mission Eucalyptus.
Mission Eucalyptus edit
In 1944, Longe was named commander of the Inter-Allied Mission codenamed "Eucalyptus." On the night of 28/29 June 1944, Longe and his team parachuted into a field in the French commune of Vassieux-en-Vercors in the department of Drôme in southeastern France. Their task was to train the Maquis (rural resistance fighters) of the Vercors Massif in the use of parachuted weapons and in guerrilla-style combat as well as seeking suitable landing and parachute drop zones for airborne operations.[5] The mission comprised Commander, Major Desmond Longe and his second in command, John Houseman (codename: 'Reflection'),[6] a former estate agent. Also aiding the mission were three subsequent officers, including 2 radio officers: Franco-American OSS agent, Andre Pecquet (codename: 'Paray') and Frenchman, Phillipe Saillard (codename: 'Touareg'). Longe located the mission near Saint-Martin-en-Vercors on 10 July 1944 where it was strengthened by three French officers, including Adrien Conus.[7]
Eucalyptus immediately ran into difficulty. The SOE leader in southeastern France, Francis Cammaerts, was furious that Longe and his team had been sent to Vercors without his knowledge and permission. Moreover, Longe spoke little French and Houseman none, which limited their usefulness. The training of the maquis by Longe and others and air drops of arms and supplies proved inadequate when the German army launched an all-out attack on the Vercos Massif on 21 July and the maquis were quickly defeated and dispersed. After a few days hiding out in the forests, Longe and Houseman with maquis guides began a trek on foot to Switzerland and safety, crossing the border on 11 August. After their escape, rumors circulated that Longe and Houseman had fled in the face of the enemy. Longe demanded a court of inquiry which decided that his behavior had been appropriate and justified. However, Cammaerts refused to apologize for having said Longe "ran away."[8][9]
On 19 July 1945, Longe was awarded the Military Cross.[10]
Honours and awards edit
On 19 July 1945, Longe was awarded the Military Cross by King George VI for gallantry during active operations against the enemy.
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| Military Cross | 1939–1945 Star | War Medal | Croix de guerre avec palme 1939–1945 |
Personal life edit
Longe served as President of Norwich Union Insurance in the 1970s and later chairman in 1980.[11] Longe was appointed High Sheriff of Norfolk in 1975.[12] In 1980, Longe served as President of the Royal Norfolk Show.[13] Longe was appointed as Director of Schiedam Insurance, Netherlands and Director of Scottish Union and National Insurance Co.
Books edit
Longe has been mentioned in the following books:
- Setting France Ablaze: The SOE in France During WWII (by Peter Jacobs)[14]
- A Pacifist at War: The Silence of Francis Cammaerts (by Ray Jenkins)[15]
- Fighters in the Shadows: A New History of the French Resistance (by Robert Gildea)[3]
- Vercors 1944: Resistance in the French Alps (by Peter Lieb)[16]
- In Search of the Maquis: Rural Resistance in Southern France 1942-1944 (by H. R. Kedward)[17]
References edit
- ^ "DEPUTY LIEUTENANT COMMISSIONS". The London Gazette. No. 45439. 3 August 1971. p. 8346. [1]
- ^ "Full text of "Whitaker's peerage, baronetage, knightage, and companionage"".
- ^ a b Gildea, Robert (30 November 2015). Fighters in the Shadows: A New History of the French Resistance. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674915022.
- ^ Jenkins, Ray (1 January 2010). A Pacifist at War: The Silence of Francis Cammaerts. Arrow. ISBN 9780099525134.
- ^ Lynch, Tim (30 August 2008). Silent Skies: Gliders at War 1939-1945. Pen and Sword. ISBN 9781844157365.
- ^ "BBC - WW2 People's War - John Houseman's Diary - Mission Eucalyptus Category".
- ^ "Musée de la résistance en ligne".
- ^ Foot, M. R. D. (1976). SOE in France. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. pp. Kindle location 9615–9624. ISBN 0116301929.. First published in 1966.
- ^ Jenkins, Ray (2009). A Pacifist at War. London: Hutchison. pp. 150–165. ISBN 978-0091925574.
- ^ "Catalogue description Recommendation for Award for Longe, Desmond Rank: Major Service No: 156248".
- ^ joemasonspage (18 March 2013). "SPIXWORTH".
- ^ "No. 46524". The London Gazette. 21 March 1975. p. 3843.
- ^ "Home - Royal Norfolk Show".
- ^ Jacobs, Peter (30 September 2015). Setting France Ablaze: The SOE in France During WWII. ISBN 9781783463367.
- ^ Jenkins, Ray; Ray (2010). A Pacifist at War: The Silence of Francis Cammaerts. p. 159. ISBN 9780099525134.
- ^ Lieb, Peter (18 December 2012). Vercors 1944: Resistance in the French Alps. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1849086981.
- ^ Kedward, H. R. (11 March 1993). In Search of the Maquis : Rural Resistance in Southern France 1942-1944: Rural Resistance in Southern France 1942-1944. p. 178. ISBN 9780191591785.