Cyanophage N-1 is a myovirus bacteriophage that infects freshwater filamentous cyanobacteria of the Nostoc genus.[1] The virus was first isolated by Kenneth Adolph and Robert Haselkorn in 1971 in the US, from the nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium, Nostoc muscorum.[2][3] N-1 is closely related to cyanophage A-1, but only distantly to other cyanophages of freshwater or marine origin.[1]
| Cyanophage N-1 | |
|---|---|
| Virus classification | |
| Group: | Group I (dsDNA)
|
| Order: | |
| Family: | |
| Genus: | Cyanomyovirus (proposed)
|
| Species: | Cyanophage N-1
|
Structure
editThe virus has a polyhedral head with a diameter of around 61 nm. The contractile tail is 100 nm long, and is attached to the head via a tail capital. The neck region bears fibres. The mature virus particle contains at least 19 proteins.[2][4][5]
Genome
editThe linear, double-stranded DNA genome is 64,960 base pairs in length – only half the size of most phages with contractile tails, which typically fall in the range 161–231 kb. It has a GC-content of 35.4%. Of the 91 open reading frames (ORFs), only 33 show similarity to other known sequences. Remarkably, the genome of Cyanophage N1 encodes a functional CRISPR array, which has been suggested to protect the host against infection by competing viruses.[1]
Life cycle and interaction with the host
editThe optimal pH for viral adsorption to N. muscorum is 7.6–8.1. The rate of adsorption is reduced with increasing age of the host cells. The viral latent period is 7 hours, which is similar to cyanophages of the LPP-1 group. The burst size is 100 plaque-forming units per cell.[6]
Host photosynthesis is required for the virus to replicate, with photosynthesis being required throughout the life cycle, rather than at any particular point. Viral replication is powered by cyclic photophosphorylation and the use of carbohydrate stores; photosystem II activity is not required.[7][8] Cyanophage N-1 infection of N. muscorum is associated with several changes in the host's carbon and nitrogen metabolism, including an increase in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme concentration and a decrease in glutamine synthetase activity.[9]
References
edit- ^ a b c Chénard C, Wirth JF, Suttle CA (2016), "Viruses Infecting a freshwater filamentous cyanobacterium (Nostoc sp.) encode a functional CRISPR array and a proteobacterial DNA polymerase B", mBio, 7 (3): e00667-16, doi:10.1128/mBio.00667-16, PMC 4916379, PMID 27302758
- ^ a b Adolph KW, Haselkorn R (1971), "Isolation and characterization of a virus infecting the blue-green alga Nostoc muscorum", Virology, 46 (2): 200–208, doi:10.1016/0042-6822(71)90023-7, PMID 4108613
- ^ Sarma 2012, pp. 420, 423
- ^ Sarma 2012, p. 423
- ^ Adolph KW, Haselkorn R (1973), "Blue-green algal virus N-1: Physical properties and disassembly into structural parts", Virology, 53 (2): 427–40, doi:10.1016/0042-6822(73)90222-5, PMID 4268208
- ^ Sarma 2012, pp. 427, 429
- ^ Sarma 2012, p. 430
- ^ Calendar 2006, p. 524
- ^ Sarma 2012, p. 433
Sources
- Calendar R. The Bacteriophages (Oxford University Press; 2006) (ISBN 0195148509)
- Sarma TA. Handbook of Cyanobacteria (CRC Press; 2012) (ISBN 1466559411)