Wisconsin v. Kizer

Wisconsin v. Kizer is a pending murder case in which the deceased's alleged sex trafficking of the defendant is being raised as an affirmative defense, for the first time in Wisconsin and possibly anywhere in the United States.

Wisconsin v. Kizer
Court	Wisconsin Supreme Court
Full case name	State of Wisconsin v. Chrystul D. Kizer
Decided	July 6, 2022 (interlocutory)
Citation(s)	State v. Kizer, 403 Wis.2d 142 (2022).
Case history
Appealed from	Wisconsin circuit courts
Appealed to	Wisconsin Court of Appeals (State v. Kizer, 398 Wis.2d 697 (2021).)
Subsequent action(s)	Remanded for trial
Case opinions
Wis. Stat. 939.46(1m) is a complete defense to first-degree intentional homicide; defined "directly related"
Decision by	Dallet (with A. Bradley and Karofsky)
Concurrence	R. Bradley
Dissent	Roggensack (with Ziegler and Hagedorn)

The defendant, Chrystul Kizer, a Black girl, was arrested in 2018 at age 17 for the murder of Randall Phillip Volar III, a 34-year-old White man who had abused and trafficked Kizer and other underage Black girls in Kenosha, Wisconsin. Kizer sought to raise an affirmative defense under a Wisconsin statute (Wis. Stat. s. 939.46) that shields trafficking victims from prosecution for crimes that are a direct result of the trafficking.

The trial court ruled that the affirmative defense did not apply to violent crimes, but the ruling was overturned on appeal, allowing Kizer to present evidence of her trafficking at trial. Since the ruling was overturned, supporters have renewed calls for charges against Kizer to be dismissed.

Kizer's case has received international attention, especially after the George Floyd protests triggered renewed focus on criminal justice reform. The case has been compared to similar cases involving claims of self-defense, such as George Zimmerman and Kyle Rittenhouse, who were acquitted (the latter of which also took place in Kenosha), and Cyntoia Brown, another Black child trafficking victim, who spent 15 years in prison.

Kizer was initially held on $1 million bail and spent almost two years in jail before her bail was lowered to $400,000, which community activists paid, securing her release in June 2020. She was re-arrested in February 2024 after her bail was revoked for having been charged with misdemeanor disorderly conduct while out on bail. Kizer's trial is scheduled for June 10, 2024.

Background

Kenosha, WI

In 2017 in Kenosha, Wisconsin, Chrystul Kizer, a 16-year-old Black girl, met Randall P. Volar III, a 33-year-old White man, on Backpage. Volar abused and trafficked Kizer and other underage Black girls. In February 2018, a 15-year-old girl called police from Volar's home saying Volar had drugged her and was going to kill her; the girl was later found by police wandering the streets half-naked under the influence of LSD. A subsequent search of Volar's home found evidence of child sex abuse, including hundreds of videotapes of Volar abusing Kizer and other underage Black girls. On February 22, Volar was arrested for child enticement, second-degree sexual assault of a child, and using a computer to facilitate a child sex crime. He was released on the same day without bail. Police waited three months before submitting the case to prosecutors. Twelve days later, on June 5, while still free on bail, Volar was shot and killed.

Court proceedings

Arrest and bail

Kizer's case is pending in the Kenosha County Courthouse and Jail

In 2018, Kizer, then 17 years old, was arrested for Volar's murder and charged as an adult with first-degree intentional homicide, which carries a mandatory life sentence. She was also charged with arson for setting fire to Volar's house, and with car theft for stealing Volar's car, among other charges. Kizer's bail was originally set at $1 million.

In February 2020, Kenosha County Circuit Court Judge David Wilk lowered Kizer's bail to $400,000. Kizer paid the bail with community donations raised by the Chicago Community Bond Fund, the Milwaukee Freedom Fund, Survived and Punished, and the Chrystul Kizer Defense Committee, and was released on June 22, 2020 after spending nearly two years in jail.

Affirmative defense

Kizer invoked a Wisconsin statute (Wis. Stat. s. 939.46) that provides trafficking victims with "an affirmative defense for any offense committed as a direct result of" the trafficking. Paragraph "1m" of the statute reads:

A victim of a violation of s. 940.302 (2) human trafficking or 948.051 child trafficking has an affirmative defense for any offense committed as a direct result of the violation of s. 940.302 (2) or 948.051 without regard to whether anyone was prosecuted or convicted for the violation of s. 940.302 (2) or 948.051.

Prosecutors argued that the affirmative defense did not apply, and alleged that Kizer shot Volar not as a direct result of the trafficking but because she wanted to steal his car. Kenosha County District Attorney Michael Graveley told The New York Times that "permitting vigilante justice, which is the narrative from some seeking dismissal, is a highly subjective, slippery slope".

In December 2019, Judge Wilk issued a ruling barring Kizer from raising the affirmative defense at trial because although the law used the specific words "any offense", applying it to violent crimes would be, in the court's words, "an absurd result". Wilk found the phrase "any offense" to be an "ambiguous" term, and ruled that it only applied to commercial sex crimes covered by Wisconsin's human trafficking law (s. 940.302 (2)), not its child trafficking law (s. 948.051). The trial court's ruling would have prohibited Kizer from telling the jury about Volar's abuse and trafficking. Kizer appealed.

The Wisconsin Court of Appeals overturned the trial court in June 2021, holding that the trial court had erred in its interpretation of the affirmative defense law, that the affirmative defense applied to any offense, including violent crimes, committed as a "direct result" of trafficking, and that Kizer could present evidence in support of the affirmative defense at trial. The appellate court ruled on the correct interpretation of the affirmative defense statute but not on whether it applied in the specific circumstances of Kizer's case, which was remanded back to the trial court. Prosecutors appealed.

The justices of the Wisconsin Supreme Court sit beneath The Signing of the Constitution, a 1915 mural by Albert Herter

In July 2022, the state supreme court upheld the appeals court's decision overturning the trial court's ruling that barred Kizer from raising the affirmative defense. In a 4-3 opinion, the Wisconsin Supreme Court held that the law provided trafficking victims with an affirmative defense to any offense, including violent crimes, committed as a direct result of the trafficking. The court defined "committed as a direct result" as a "logical, causal connection between the offense and trafficking such that the offense is not the result, in significant part, of other events, circumstances, or considerations apart of the trafficking violation". The court also held that the affirmative defense law was a "complete defense" to criminal liability, and not just a "mitigating defense" that would lower the first-degree murder charge to a second-degree murder charge. The court ruled that Kizer should be allowed to present evidence at trial that her actions were a direct result of being trafficked, and remanded the case back to the trial court.

Post-appeal

In October 2023, the trial court ruled that statements Kizer made during her interrogation by the police were not admissible because she did not receive a Miranda warning and her attorney was not present.

In January 2024, Kizer was charged with a misdemeanor for disorderly conduct. Her bail was revoked, and on February 13, 2024, she was re-arrested.

Kizer's trial is scheduled for June 10, 2024.

Analysis

Wisconsin v. Kizer is the first time the trafficking victim affirmative defense has been raised in a violent crime case in Wisconsin and likely in any other US state with a similar law. Although the Wisconsin Supreme Court's ruling only applies in Wisconsin, it could set a precedent for the application of similar laws elsewhere in the United States.

Philosopher Susanna Siegel cites the case as an example of self-defense being mischaracterized as vigilantism, contrasting it with the cases of George Zimmerman and Kyle Rittenhouse. According to Seigel and philosopher Ayanna Spencer, the case is an example of prosecutors using vigilante rhetoric to cast child trafficking victims as criminals who ignore the law.

Historian Nikki M. Taylor, law professor Lisa Avalos, and others, cite Kizer's case as an example of the police and courts' mistreatment of, failure to protect, and lack of sympathy towards, victims of sex trafficking.

Writing in the Harvard Journal of Law and Gender, Brianna N. Banks cites Kizer's case as an example of the ineffectiveness of the federal Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000 (TVPA) as applied in practice, pointing to legal authorities' failure to provide Kizer and Volar's other underage victims with TVPA protections.

Both Spencer and Banks cite the case as an example of sociopolitical biases that cause Black girls to be perceived as adults, older and more sexually mature than they actually are.

Taylor and Banks compare Kizer's case with Cyntoia Brown, describing both as examples of Black women and girls being punished for protecting themselves after the criminal justice system has failed to protect them.

Banks writes that both cases demonstrate racial disparities and biases in the criminal justice system's failure to view Black girls as victims of abuse, treating them instead as "complicit in their own exploitation" (despite being under the age of consent) and "more culpable than the men who purchase their bodies". Banks writes that implicit biases dating back to the slavery era that hypersexualize and devalue Black women and girls may have caused the trial court to prohibit Kizer from raising the affirmative defense at trial, and likely caused police and prosecutors to characterize Kizer and Volar's other victims as "voluntarily prostituting themselves-as if they themselves chose to be trafficking victims". Similarly, sex crimes expert Rachel Monaco-Wilcox stated that children of color are seen as willing participants in trafficking cases.

Taylor argues that "the judicial system tries to silence and prosecute survivors of modern slavery who take justice into their own hands by killing their enslavers", and that Kizer and Brown faced "many of the same pitfalls that enslaved women stumbled into hundreds of years earlier – specifically, judges that ignored what they had endured at the hands of cruel and abusive enslavers."

Reactions

Kizer gave an interview to The Washington Post in December 2019. The case received global attention following the George Floyd protests, which led to renewed interest in criminal justice reform and an influx of donations to organizations such as Chicago Community Bond Fund. Renewed interest in her case followed the Kyle Rittenhouse case (which also took place in Kenosha) where the defense claimed self-defense and the jury delivered a not guilty verdict.

Kizer's mother, Devore Taylor, formed the Chrystul Kizer Defense Committee to organize around the case and to raise bail money. Supporters wrote letters to Kizer. Cyntoia Brown-Long wrote an op-ed that outlined the similarities between their cases. Alyssa Milano and Tarana Burke were among those who circulated information about the case on social media.

DA Graveley posted a Facebook response to a Change.org petition for Kizer's release that stated that he would not be swayed by the petition. By September 2020, the petition had almost 1.5 million signatures.

Since the Wisconsin Supreme Court ruled that Kizer can raise the trafficking victim affirmative defense, the Free Chrystul Kizer campaign and other supporters have demanded that all charges against Kizer be dismissed.

See also

• Marissa Alexander case
• Sara Kruzan
• Adultification bias
• Battered woman syndrome
• Abuse defense

Works cited

Scholarship

• Avalos, Lisa (September 1, 2020). "Reversing the Decriminalization of Sexual Violence". Nevada Law Journal. 21 (1): 1–60. (PDF)
• Banks, Brianna N. (2021). "The (De)Valuation of Black Women's Bodies". Harvard Journal of Law and Gender. 44: 329–363. (TWL)
• Krell, Maggy; Dhanoa, Sharan (October 20, 2021). "Creating a Just Response for Survivors of Trafficking". Criminal Justice. American Bar Association. Archived from the original on February 7, 2024. Retrieved February 10, 2024.
• Rein, Rachel (2022). "Suffering at the Margins: Applying Disability Critical Race Studies to Human Trafficking in the United States". Columbia Journal of Gender and Law: 183–256. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3925222. ISSN 1556-5068. S2CID 240268458. (TWL)
• Siegel, Susanna (2022). "Vigilantism and Political Vision". Washington University Review of Philosophy. 2 (2): 1–42. doi:10.5840/wurop202222. S2CID 251704942. Retrieved February 7, 2024. (PDF)
• Spencer, Ayanna De'Vante (December 6, 2023). "Solidarity with Chrystul Kizer: On Disparate Failures of Knowledge-Attribution and Survivors of Sexual Violence". Hypatia. 38 (4): 707–725. doi:10.1017/hyp.2023.83. ISSN 0887-5367. S2CID 266069273. (TWL)
• Taylor, Nikki M. (July 13, 2023). Brooding over Bloody Revenge: Enslaved Women's Lethal Resistance. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-009-27684-9. (TWL)
• Weston, Madeline (2022). "Committing Crimes Kept Her Alive: United States v. Dingwall and the Criminalization of Domestic Violence Victims". Wisconsin Journal of Law, Gender and Society. 37: 241–263. (TWL)
• Vafa, Yasmin; Epstein, Rebecca (April 2023). Criminalized Survivors: Today's Abuse to Prison Pipeline for Girls (Report). Center on Gender Justice & Opportunity at Georgetown University Law Center. Retrieved February 7, 2024. (PDF)

Press

• "Milwaukee woman charged with killing abuser arrested in Louisiana". Associated Press. February 13, 2024. Retrieved February 14, 2024.
• "Video, transcripts of Wisconsin woman's police interview cannot be used at her trial, judge rules". Associated Press. October 31, 2023. Retrieved February 8, 2024.
• "Wisconsin court: Sex trafficking can be defense for homicide". Associated Press. July 6, 2022. Retrieved February 8, 2024.
• "Woman accused of killing abuser freed on bond after 2 years". Associated Press. June 23, 2020. Retrieved February 8, 2024.
• Wisconsin Supreme Court justice argues that Chrystul Kizer is a victim (video). The Washington Post. March 3, 2022. Retrieved February 15, 2024.
• Branigin, Anne; Contrera, Jessica (November 24, 2021). "After Rittenhouse, protesters are asking: What about sex-trafficking victim Chrystul Kizer?". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved February 8, 2024.
• Brooks, Ryan (June 23, 2020). "Chrystul Kizer, A 19-Year-Old Sex Trafficking Victim Who Killed Her Abuser, Has Been Released From Jail". BuzzFeed News. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
• Contrera, Jessica (June 23, 2020). "Chrystul Kizer, accused of killing her alleged sex trafficker, freed on bail after two years". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved February 8, 2024.
• ——— (February 7, 2020). "Judge reduces bond for Chrystul Kizer, teen charged with killing her alleged sex trafficker". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved February 8, 2024.
• ——— (December 31, 2019). "Activists, celebrities call for Chrystul Kizer's release in sex trafficking murder case". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 20, 2021.
• ——— (December 17, 2019). "He was sexually abusing underage girls. Then, police said, one of them killed him". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on May 28, 2023.
• Fortin, Jacey (June 23, 2020). "Chrystul Kizer, Teen Charged With Killing Sexual Abuser, Is Released on Bond". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 23, 2021. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
• Silver, Maayan (July 18, 2023). "A Wisconsin sex trafficking case could have nationwide impact". WUWM. Retrieved February 14, 2024.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• Shivaram, Deepa (November 25, 2021). "Rittenhouse's defense renews focus on the case of a 17-year-old who killed her abuser". NPR. Retrieved November 30, 2021.
• O'Connell, Oliver (June 23, 2020). "US trafficking victim leaves jail after two years as activists raise $400,000 bail". The Independent. Retrieved July 18, 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)

Further reading

• "Justices weigh if trafficking defense applies to homicide". Associated Press. March 1, 2022. Retrieved February 8, 2024.
• "Should a sex trafficking defense apply in a homicide case?". Associated Press. February 27, 2022. Retrieved February 8, 2024.
• "Victim can raise special defense in trafficker's homicide". Associated Press. June 4, 2021. Retrieved February 8, 2024.
• Carroll, Leah (December 17, 2019). "Why Is Chrystul Kizer Facing Life In Prison For Killing Her Trafficker?". Refinery29. Retrieved February 7, 2024.
• Contrera, Jessica (April 10, 2023). "How sexually abused girls are still ending up in jails and prisons". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on April 10, 2023. Retrieved February 8, 2024.
• ——— (July 8, 2022). "Sex trafficking victim Chrystul Kizer wins key Wisconsin court ruling". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved February 8, 2024.
• ——— (March 4, 2022). "Chrystul Kizer, the Wisconsin Supreme Court and a watershed sex-trafficking case". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved February 8, 2024.
• ——— (September 20, 2021). "Wisconsin Supreme Court will hear case of Chrystul Kizer, sex trafficking victim accused of killing abuser". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved February 8, 2024.
• ——— (June 3, 2021). "Chrystul Kizer, sex trafficking victim accused of killing alleged abuser, wins appeal in Wisconsin". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved February 8, 2024.
• Contrera, Jessica; Berger, Susan (December 18, 2019). "Child sex abuse victim faces life in prison for killing wealthy white man who preyed on young black girls". The Independent. Retrieved February 7, 2024.
• Holcombe, Madeline (June 24, 2020). "A teenager accused of killing her alleged sex trafficker is released from jail on $400,000 bond". CNN. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
• Smith, Deneen (July 6, 2022). "Wisconsin Supreme Court allows sex trafficking defense in Chrystul Kizer case". Wisconsin Public Radio. Retrieved February 10, 2024.

External links

• Defense committee—Official website
• ABC 30—Video: "Wisconsin teen faces life in prison for killing alleged sex trafficker"