Caixa 2 (Brazilian Portuguese: caixa dois [ˈka(j).ʃɐ ˈdojs], "cash box 2") is a term used in Brazil to refer to illegal bookkeeping practices that hide financial transactions from authorities.[1][2]
Tax evasion
editCaixa dois includes methods to evade taxes by misrepresenting income. They include parallel bookkeeping, in which accounts declared to tax authorities are manipulated down in value to reduce tax burden. The difference between declared income and that actually received is said to have gone to "cashbox two". Mechanisms for manipulation include failing to invoice, or documenting different financial amounts or goods and services than in transactions that actually occurred.
Hiding illegal or unpopular transactions
editCaixa dois practices may also be used by larger businesses or public entities to disguise the source of or the use of funds.[3] For example, a slush fund may be used to hide payments for illegal services such as bribes to win contracts or access to privileged information to which the payee is not entitled.[3][4]
Legal aspects
editIn Brazil caixa dois crimes that involve money laundering[1][5] or organized crime[1] are liable to trial at the Supreme Federal Court, the country's highest court of law.
Saco azul
editIn Portugal saco azul [6] is a term used to refer to the same concept as caixa dois.
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ a b c da Escóssia, Fernanda (2017-04-14). "Os crimes associados ao caixa 2 e por que quem paga a conta é você" [Crimes associated with caixa 2 and why you pay the bill] (in Portuguese). BBC Brasil. Archived from the original on 2017-04-23. Retrieved November 26, 2019.
- ^ Pacievitch, Thais (2019-04-02). "Caixa 2" [Cashbox 2]. InfoEscola (in Portuguese). Retrieved November 26, 2019.
- ^ a b "Os crimes associados ao caixa 2 e por que quem paga a conta é você". BBC News Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2023-06-12.
- ^ Law, Jonathan (2014-05-22), "slush fund", A Dictionary of Finance and Banking, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780199664931.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-966493-1, retrieved 2023-06-12
- ^ Procuradoria da República no Ceará. "Crimes contra o sistema financeiro" [Crimes against the financial system]. Ministerio Publico Federal (in Portuguese). Procuradoria da República no Estado do Ceará. Archived from the original on 2018-10-19. Retrieved November 26, 2019.
- ^ Rocha, Maria Regina (24 January 2003). "Saco azul (I)" [Blue bag]. Ciberdúvidas da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese). Retrieved November 26, 2019.
External links
edit- Legislação brasileira traduzida para o Inglês Archived 2019-09-07 at the Wayback Machine – official English translations of the Constitution, and dozens of other Brazilian laws
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