Butylparaben, or butyl p-hydroxybenzoate, is an organic compound with the formula C
4H
9O
2CC
6H
4OH.[1] It is a white solid that is soluble in organic solvents. It has proven to be a highly successful antimicrobial preservative in cosmetics.[2] It is also used in medication suspensions, and as a flavoring additive in food.
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| Names | |
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| Preferred IUPAC name
Butyl 4-hydroxybenzoate | |
| Other names
Butyl paraben;
Butyl parahydroxybenzoate; Butyl p-hydroxybenzoate | |
| Identifiers | |
3D model (JSmol)
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| ChEMBL | |
| ChemSpider | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.002.108 |
| KEGG | |
PubChem CID
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| UNII | |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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| Properties | |
| C11H14O3 | |
| Molar mass | 194.230 g·mol−1 |
| Appearance | Colorless, odorless, crystalline powder |
| Melting point | 68 to 69 °C (154 to 156 °F; 341 to 342 K) |
| Slightly soluble | |
| Solubility in acetone, ethanol, chloroform, glycerin, propylene glycol | Soluble |
| Hazards | |
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | |
| Pharmacology | |
| Legal status |
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| Related compounds | |
Related compounds
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Paraben Ethylparaben Methylparaben Propylparaben |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Natural occurrence
editMembers of the paraben family are found in fruit and vegetable products, such as barley, flax seed, and grapes.[3] Butylparaben has also been found to be produced in some microorganisms including Microbulbifer .[4]
Preparation
editButylparaben is prepared by the esterification of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with 1-butanol in the presence of an acid catalyst such as sulfuric acid.[5] It is produced industrially.
Uses and reactions
editButylparaben is one of the most common bactericidal/fungicidal additives in cosmetics. It has been used in cosmetic products since the 1940s and in pharmaceutical products since 1924.[6] The popularity of butylparaben in these products is due to its low toxicity in humans and its effective antimicrobial properties, in particular those against mold and yeast.[7] It is now found in more than 20,000 cosmetic products including eye shadow, facial moisturizer/treatment, anti-aging cream, foundation, and sunscreen.[8] It is also used as low-ionic strength solutions as a preservative in some foods and drugs.[5] In most cosmetics paraben is used at low levels, ranging from 0.01 to 0.3%.[9] Butylparaben is used in low concentrations in liquid and solid medication suspensions, such as Tylenol (acetaminophen) and ibuprofen.[10]
Mechanism of action
editThe exact mechanism of how parabens work is unknown but they are proposed to act by inhibiting DNA and RNA synthesis, and enzymes like ATPase and phosphotransferase in some bacterial species. It has also been suggested that they interfere with membrane transport processes by disrupting the lipid bilayer and possibly causing the leakage of intracellular constituents.[11]
Regulation and controversy
editButylparaben has not escaped controversy, which itself is controversial.[12][9]
In December 2010 the Scientific Committee on Consumer Products (SCCP) of the European Union reported that insufficient data is available to perform risk assessments for butylparaben in humans.[13] The committee has also stated that it considers the use of butylparaben and propylparaben as preservatives in finished cosmetic products as safe to the consumer, as long as the sum of their individual concentrations does not exceed 0.19%.[1]
Regulation
editDenmark restricts butylparaben in products for use by children younger than the age of three.[13]
In 2003, butylparaben was approved for use as a flavor additive in food by the U.S. Food and Agriculture Organization and the World Health Organization.[1][14] Butylparaben is also regulated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency under the U.S. Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976 and the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act. Its pesticide registration was canceled in 1998.[1]
in 2020 European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) added Butylparaben to very high concern (SVHC) in the Candidate List for eventual inclusion in Annex XIV REACH in category "Toxic for reproduction".[15]
Endocrine disruption
editLong-chained parabens, like butylparaben, are more estrogenic than short-chained parabens, like methyl- or ethylparaben. This difference is attributed to the greater lipophilicity of the former.[13] Butylparaben displayed the most competitive binding to rat estrogen receptors when tested along with methyl, ethyl, and propylparabens.[16]
Antiandrogenic
editButylparaben can decrease sperm function and alter metabolic hormones.[13] Rats exposed to a high concentration of butylparaben during pregnancy gave birth to fewer pups, and pups with malformed reproductive organs.[1] Mice administered butylparaben at 0.01-1% body weight for ten weeks showed a decrease in serum testosterone concentration and in spermatid counts in the seminiferous tubules.[1]
Other
editIt has been shown that butylparaben enter the body through the lungs, GI tract, and skin epithelium.[1]
It occurs in breast cancers at around 20.6±4.2 ng/g tissue.[1] However, parabens have not been proven to cause breast cancer.[9] Estimates by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition have found that the average person is exposed to about 37 ng of butylparaben per day.[1]
Butylparaben has been found in small concentrations in human breast fat and breast tumors.[1] A review by the National Toxicology Program concluded, "There is no evidence of demonstrable risk for the development of breast cancer caused by the use of paraben-containing underarm cosmetics."[17] Animal studies have been inconclusive. Oral administration of butylparaben to eight-week-old rats has caused tumors such as thymic lymphoma, non-thymic lymphoid leukemia, and myeloid leukemia.[1] Similar studies, however, have found no significant increase in tumors upon butylparaben administration.[1] Butylparaben is not listed as a carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer.[18]
Environmental fate
editButylparaben has been found in the sewage. A 2001 study found that concentrations of parabens in Danish sewage facilities was to 1/100 to 1/1000 of the acute or chronic effect concentrations.[19]
Notes
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Butylparaben Review of Toxicological Literature" (PDF). National Toxicological Program. April 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-10-21.
- ^ Geis, Philip A. (2006). "Preservation strategies". In Geis, Philip A. (ed.). Cosmetic Microbiology. CRC Press. pp. 163–180. doi:10.3109/9781420003321-12. ISBN 978-0-8493-1453-7.
- ^ "Parabens". Vashon Organics. Archived from the original on 2012-04-25. Retrieved 2011-10-31.
- ^ Peng, X; Adachi, K; Chen, C; Kasai, H; Kanoh, K; Shizuri, Y; Misawa, N (2006). "Discovery of a Marine Bacterium Producing 4-Hydroxybenzoate and Its Alkyl Esters, Parabens". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 72 (8): 5556–61. Bibcode:2006ApEnM..72.5556P. doi:10.1128/AEM.00494-06. PMC 1538717. PMID 16885309.
- ^ a b "Butylparaben". Hazardous Substance Data Bank. February 2004.
- ^ "Parabens as Preservatives" (PDF). UENO FINE CHEMICALS INDUSTRY LTD. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-25. Retrieved 2011-10-31.
- ^ "Parabens as Preservatives" (PDF). UENO FINE CHEMICALS INDUSTRY LTD. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-25. Retrieved 2011-10-31.
- ^ "Final Amended Report on the Safety Assessment of Methylparaben, Ethylparaben, Propylparaben, Isopropylparaben, Butylparaben, Isobutylparaben, and Benzylparaben as used in Cosmetic Products". International Journal of Toxicology. 27: 1–82. 2008. doi:10.1080/10915810802548359. PMID 19101832.
- ^ a b c "Parabens". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Archived from the original on 2011-10-30. Retrieved 2011-10-31.
- ^ "Ibuprofen Suspension". FreshPatents.com. Retrieved 2011-10-31.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Valkova, N; Lépine, F; Valeanu, L; Dupont, M; Labrie, L; Bisaillon, JG; Beaudet, R; Shareck, F; Villemur, R (June 2001). "Hydrolysis of 4-Hydroxybenzoic Acid Esters (Parabens) and Their Aerobic Transformation into Phenol by the Resistant Enterobacter cloacae Strain EM". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 67 (6): 2404–9. Bibcode:2001ApEnM..67.2404V. doi:10.1128/AEM.67.6.2404-2409.2001. PMC 92888. PMID 11375144.
- ^ Castelain, Florence; Castelain, Michel (2012). "Parabens: A real hazard or a scare story?". European Journal of Dermatology. 22 (6): 723–727. doi:10.1684/ejd.2012.1835. PMID 23131320.
- ^ a b c d "Parabens used in personal care products and cosmetics". Chem Sec International. Archived from the original on 2012-04-23. Retrieved 2011-10-31.
- ^ "35th Session of the Codex Committee on Food Labeling". Biodiversity Policy and Practice. 2003.
- ^ "European Chemicals Agency, « Inclusion of substances of very high concern in the Candidate List for eventual inclusion in Annex XIV. Doc : D(2020)4578-DC » [archive]". European Chemicals Agency. 18 June 2020. Archived from the original on 2020-06-30. Retrieved 26 June 2020.
- ^ "Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in the Environment: Agents of Subtle Change?" (PDF). Environmental Health Perspectives. 2013-06-10. Retrieved 2015-02-08.
- ^ "Butylparaben [CAS No. 94-26-8]: Review of Toxicological Literature" (PDF). National Toxicology Program, National Institutes of Health. April 2005.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ "Agents Classified by the IARC Monographs, Volumes 1–109" (PDF). International Agency for Research on Cancer.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ "The Royal Danish School of Pharmacology Annual Report 2001" (PDF). The Royal Danish School of Pharmacology. 2001.