Bulk endocytosis refers to a form of endocytosis of synaptic vesicles at nerve terminals. In bulk endocytosis, compared to clathrin-mediated endocytosis, a larger area of presynaptic plasma membrane is internalised as cisternae or endosomes from which multiple synaptic vesicles can subsequently bud off. Bulk endocytosis is activated specifically during intense stimulation, such as during high-frequency trains of action potentials or in response to membrane depolarization by high extracellular concentrations of potassium.
Mechanisms
editThe molecular mechanisms of bulk endocytosis have not been determined in detail. However some important signaling events have been described. For example, during high levels of neural activity, presynaptic intracellular calcium activates calcineurin which dephosphorylates dynamin. The F-BAR-protein syndapin[1] interacts with dephosphorylated dynamin and is a crucial factor in anchoring dynamin at the plasma membrane. In line with the hypothesis that syndapin I induces bulk endocytosis, characterization of syndapin I knock-out mice revealed a crucial role of syndapin I in presynaptic membrane trafficking processes and accumulation of endocytic intermediates was especially evident under high-capacity retrieval conditions.[2] Mechanistically, the F-BAR domain protein syndapin I possibly acts through further interactions with Arp2/3 and N-WASP.[3] The GTPase dynamin then pinches off the large membrane-vacuole, which is either degraded or reused for synaptic vesicle production (possibly through clathrin coating). Clathrin-mediated endocytosis and bulk endocytosis appear to occur concurrently in highly active synaptic terminals. The dephosphorylation of dynamin does not prevent the association of amphiphysin, therefore allowing the two processes to happen independently of each other.[4]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Qualmann B, Koch D, Kessels MM (2011). "Let's go bananas: revisiting the endocytic BAR code". EMBO Journal. 30 (17): 3501–3515. doi:10.1038/emboj.2011.266. PMC 3181480. PMID 21878992.
- ^ Koch D, Spiwoks-Becker I, Sabanov V, Sinning A, Dugladze T, Stellmacher A, Ahuja R, Grimm J, Schüler S, Müller A, Angenstein F, Ahmed T, Diesler A, Moser M, Tom Dieck S, Spessert R, Boeckers TM, Fässler R, Hübner CA, Balschun D, Gloveli T, Kessels MM, Qualmann B (2011). "Proper synaptic vesicle formation and neuronal network activity critically rely on syndapin I." EMBO Journal. 30 (24): 4955–4969. doi:10.1038/emboj.2011.339. PMC 3243622. PMID 21926968.
- ^ Kessels MM, Qualmann B (2004). "The syndapin protein family: linking membrane trafficking with the cytoskeleton". Journal of Cell Science. 117 (15): 3077–3086. doi:10.1242/jcs.01290. PMID 15226389.
- ^ Clayton EL, Cousin MA (2009). "The molecular physiology of activity-dependent bulk endocytosis of synaptic vesicles". Journal of Neurochemistry. 111 (4): 901–914. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06384.x. PMC 2871311. PMID 19765184.