Bethoron (Hebrew: בֵית־חוֹרֹ֔ן, lit. 'house of Horon'; Ancient Greek: Ὡρωνείν), also Beth-Horon, were two neighboring towns in ancient Israel, situated on the Gibeon–Aijalon road. They served as strategic points along the road, guarding the "ascent of Bethoron". While the Bible sometimes distinguishes between the two towns—Upper and Lower Bethoron—it often refers to both simply as Bethoron.[1]
The towns are mentioned in the Hebrew Bible and in other ancient sources: Upper Bethoron appears in Joshua 16:5, Lower Bethoron in Joshua 16:3, both in 1 Chronicles 7:24,[2] and the ascent in I Maccabees 3:16.
The ancient towns of Upper Bethoron and Lower Bethoron are identified respectively with the present-day Palestinian Arab villages of Beit Ur al-Fauqa and Beit Ur al-Tahta, which preserve the ancient names.[3][1]
Etymology edit
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| bꜣtꜣ(j) ḥwꜣrwn[4][5] in hieroglyphs | |||||||||
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| Era: 3rd Intermediate Period (1069–664 BC) | |||||||||
The Hebrew name Bethoron (Beit Horon, בית חורון) is derived from the name of an Egypto-Canaanite deity, Horon, mentioned in Ugaritic literature.[2][6][3] The city is mentioned among the cities and towns smitten by Sheshonq I in his inscription at the Temple of Karnak as Batae Houarn.[4][5]
Ascent of Beth-horon edit
The biblical "way of Beth-horon", also known as "the ascent of Beth-horon", is a pass which ascends from the plain of Aijalon (now Ayalon-Canada Park) and climbs to Beit Ur al-Tahta (1,210 ft.). It then ascends along the ridge, with valleys lying to north and south, and reaches Beit Ur al-Fauqa (2,022 ft.). Al-tahta means 'the lower', and al-fauqa (fawqa) means 'the upper' in Arabic.
The ascent is an ancient east-west trade route connecting two broadly north-south routes, the Via Maris along the Mediterranean coastline, and the Way of the Patriarchs, which follows the crest of the central mountain range of Samaria in the north and Judah in the south.
History edit
Iron Age: in the Bible and contemporary texts edit
Upper Bethoron is first mentioned in the Book of Joshua as a city on the border between the Israelite tribes of Benjamin and Ephraim (Joshua 16:5). The borderline passed alongside the two Bethorons (Joshua 16:5; 21:22[7]) who belonged to the latter Israelite tribe and therefore, later on, to the Northern Kingdom of Israel, while the tribe of Benjamin belonged to the Kingdom of Judah. One or both of the towns was a Levitical city (Joshua 21:22; 2 Chronicles 6:53[8]).[1]
According to biblical records, these cities were conquered by the Israelites under the leadership of Joshua, who defeated the five Amorite kings near Gibeon and pursued them southward past Beth-Horon to Azekah and Makkedah (Joshua 10:5-11). According to the Bible, when Joshua defeated the Amorite kings, "he killed a large number of them at Gibeon, and chased them by the way of the 'Ascent of Beth-horon'".[9][1]
Later on, the Philistines chose to launch their attack against Saul via the route passing through Beth-Horon (1 Samuel 13:18), sending a company of their men to hold "the way of Beth-horon".[1]
Upper Bethoron is later mentioned in 2 Kings as one of the cities built and fortified by Solomon (1 Kings 9:17, also in 2 Chronicles 8:59). Solomon "built Beth-horon the upper, and Beth-horon the nether, fortified cities, with walls, gates, and bars" (2 Chronicles 8:5;[10] 1 Kings 9:17[11]).[1]
From Egyptian sources it appears that Bethoron was one of the places conquered by Shishak of Egypt from Rehoboam.[12]
According to 1 Chronicles 7:24,[13] Lower Bethoron was built by She'era, daughter of Beriah, son of Ephraim.[2] The Second Book of Chronicles mentions Beth-Horon in the context of disbanded Israelite mercenaries in Amaziah's army who looted towns in Judah "from Samaria to Beth-Horon" (2 Chronicles 25:13).[1]
Hellenistic period edit
The Syrian (Seleucid) general Seron was defeated here in 166 BCE by Judas Maccabeus (1 Macc. 3:13–24[14]) in the Battle of Beth Horon. Six years later Nicanor, retreating from Jerusalem, was defeated and slain (1 Macc. 7:39;[15] Josephus, Antiquities Bk12 Ch10:5.[16])
Bacchides repaired Beth-horon "with high walls, with gates and with bars and in them he set a garrison, that they might work malice upon ("vex") Israel" (1 Macc. 9:50–51[17]). Later, the Jews fortified it against Holofernes (Judith 4:4–5[18]).
Roman period edit
There are traces of an ancient Roman paving still visible.
In the battle of Beth Horon in the year 66 CE, the first decisive Jewish victory in the First Jewish–Roman War the Roman general Cestius Gallus was driven in headlong flight before the Jews.[19]
Late Roman & Byzantine periods edit
Eusebius' Onomasticon mentions the 'twin villages' and St. Jerome describes them as 'little hamlets.' [2]
Eusebius mentions the two Bethorons in their Biblical contexts, noting Joshua's victory and the fortification by King Solomon.[20]
Jerome (late 4th to early 5th centuries) noted that Bethoron was just a little village at his time. In his eulogy for Saint Paula, he describes Lower and Upper Bethoron as cities founded by Solomon and destroyed by war.[21]
Arab villages edit
The two Palestinian Arab Muslim villages of Beit Ur el-Fauqa and Beit Ur et-Tahta preserve the Hebrew–Canaanite name,[2] and have been identified as the sites of Upper and Lower Bethoron.[3]
Modern period edit
In 1915, the Palestine Exploration Fund wrote that changes in the main road to Jerusalem had left the Bethoron route "forsaken" and "almost forgotten".
The Israeli settlement of Beit Horon was founded in 1977 on a site adjacent to the two Arab towns.
Highway 443 follows part of the ancient road.
Archaeology edit
Archaeological finds indicate that the lower town was established before the upper one. Potsherds from the Late Bronze Age onward were discovered at Lower Beit Ur, whereas those in Upper Beit Ur date only from the Iron Age onward.[2]
References edit
- ^ a b c d e f g Lemche, Niels Peter (2004). Historical dictionary of ancient Israel. Historical dictionaries of ancient civilizations and historical eras. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-8108-4848-1.
- ^ a b c d e f Eugenio Alliata (2000-12-19). "Bethoron (Bayt Ur)". Studium Biblicum Franciscanum. Archived from the original on 2008-08-29. Retrieved 2007-09-12.
- ^ a b c John Gray (January 1949). "The Canaanite God Horon". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 8 (1): 27–34. doi:10.1086/370902. JSTOR 542437.
- ^ a b Wallis Budge, E. A. (1920). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary: with an index of English words, king list and geological list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, coptic and semitic alphabets, etc. Vol II. John Murray. p. 978.
- ^ a b Gauthier, Henri (1925). Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques Vol. 2. p. 9.
- ^ William Albright (December 1941). "The Egypto-Canaanite God Haurôn". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research (84): 7–12. JSTOR 1355138.
- ^ Judges 21:22
- ^ 2 Chronicles 6:53
- ^ Joshua 10:10
- ^ 2 Chronicles 8:59
- ^ 1 Kings 9:17
- ^ Müller, W. M. (1893). Asien und Europa nach altägyptischen Denkmälern (in German), p. 166; etc.
- ^ 1 Chronicles 7:24
- ^ 1 Maccabees 3:13–3:24
- ^ 1 Maccabees 7:39
- ^ Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews Bk12 Ch10:5
- ^ 1 Maccabees 9:50–9:51
- ^ Judith 4:4–4:5
- ^ Paul K. Davis, 100 Decisive Battles from Ancient Times to the Present: The World's Major Battles and How They Shaped History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 71.
- ^ Sharon, 1999, p. 165
- ^ Guérin, 1868, pp. 343-344
Bibliography edit
- Masterman, E. W. G. (1915).BETH-HORON. International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, Orr, James, retrieved December 9, 2005.
- Sharon, Moshe (1999). Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae, B-C. Vol. 2. BRILL. ISBN 9004110836.