San Shiki (anti-aircraft shell)

San-shiki-dan (三式弾, "Type 3 shell") was a World War II-era combined shrapnel and incendiary anti-aircraft round used by the Imperial Japanese Navy. They were generically referred to as Beehive rounds. The shells were intended to create a large volume of flame which attacking aircraft would have to fly through. However, U.S. pilots considered these shells to be more of a pyrotechnics display than an effective anti-aircraft weapon.[A 1]

A 46 cm (18 in) Sanshiki shell displayed at the Yamato Museum
The explosion of a 46 cm (18 in) San Shikidan incendiary anti-aircraft shell

The Sanshiki anti-aircraft shell was designed for several gun calibers, from the 12.7 cm (5.0 in) up to the 46 cm (18 in) guns of the Yamato-class battleships.

Specifications

edit

These shells were composed of:

  • Incendiary tubes:
    • The tubes were a hollow steel cylinder, 90 mm (3.5 in) long and 25 mm (1 in) diameter, filled with "rubber thermite" (45 % elektron, 40 % barium nitrate, 9.3 %polysulfide synthetic rubber, 5 % natural rubber, 0.5 % sulphur, 0.2 % stearic acid) and ignited through holes on both sides.
    • Once the shell exploded, the incendiary tubes ignited about a half-second later and burned for 5 seconds with 5-metre (16 ft) long flames,
  • Steel stays, which held the shell structurally during its deployment and forming part of the shrapnel fragment,
  • An explosive charge at its base, used to create a dispersion cone, to create the barrier wall,
  • A delay fuze (Type 91 Shiki), which was adjusted for each shot to change the triggering altitude of the explosive charge,
  • A wooden warhead body, painted red.

Depending on the caliber, the composition of the shells could vary:[1]

Gun Mass &
Length
Composition Performances
(dispersion)
Notes
46 cm (18 in)/45 1,360 kg (3,000 lb)
1,600 mm (63 in)
996 tubes
1500 stays
1500 fragments
? explosive charge
15° of dispersion
242 m (794 ft) diameter
Designation: Type 3 Shell Model 13
41 cm (16 in)/45 940 kg (2,070 lb)
1,400 mm (55 in)
940 tubes
375 stays
1110 fragments
? explosive charge
15° of dispersion
213 m (699 ft) diameter
35.6 cm (14.0 in)/45 622 kg (1,371 lb)
1,200 mm (47 in)
480 tubes
199 stays
679 fragments
? explosive charge
15° of dispersion
152 m (499 ft) diameter
20.3 cm (8.0 in)/50 126 kg (278 lb)
860 mm (34 in)
198 tubes
57 stays
255 fragments
2 kg (4.4 lb) explosive charge
13° of dispersion
100 m (330 ft) diameter
The maximum effective range was only 1,000 m (3,300 ft), with a maximum possible altitude of 10,000 m (33,000 ft)
12.7 cm (5.0 in)/40 Type 89
12.7 cm (5.0 in)/50 Type 3
23 kg (51 lb)
437 mm (17.2 in)
43 tubes
23 stays
66 fragments
? explosive charge
10° of dispersion
54 m (177 ft) diameter

During repairs after Operation Tungsten, the German battleship Tirpitz also used a specially-fuzed variation of this shell for its 38 cm (15 in) guns, for antiaircraft barrage fire.[2]

Operational history

edit

The Sanshiki anti-aircraft shells were used for shore bombardment during the Battle for Henderson Field. On 13 October 1942, in order to help protect the transit of an important supply convoy to Guadalcanal that consisted of six slower cargo ships, the Japanese Combined Fleet commander Isoroku Yamamoto sent a naval force from Truk—commanded by Vice-Admiral Takeo Kurita—to bombard Henderson Field. Kurita's force—consisting of the battleships Kongō and Haruna, escorted by one light cruiser and nine destroyers—approached Guadalcanal unopposed and opened fire on Henderson Field at 01:33 on 14 October. Over the next 83 minutes, they fired 973 of the main gun 35.6 cm (14.0 in) shells, of which 104 were Type 3s fired by Kongō.[3] The rest of the shells were 189 Type 0 "HE" shells and 625 Type 1 "AP" shells which fell into the Lunga perimeter, most of them falling in and around the 2,200-square-metre (0.54-acre) area of the airfield. The bombardment heavily damaged the airfield's two runways, burned almost all of the available aviation fuel, destroyed 48 of the CAF's ("Cactus Air Force") 90 aircraft, and killed 41 men, including six CAF aircrew.[4][5]

During the First Naval Battle of Guadalcanal on 13 November 1942, another Japanese naval force attempted to bombard Henderson Field but before they could reach their target they were intercepted by American cruisers and destroyers. The first few salvos from the battleships Hiei and Kirishima consisted of the Sanshiki anti-aircraft shells, as their crews were not expecting a ship-to-ship confrontation and took several minutes to switch to armor-piercing ammunition, with several Sanshiki shells hitting the cruiser USS San Francisco, causing less serious damage than that which would have been inflicted by armor-piercing shells.

Even though the 3 Shiki tsûjôdan shells comprised 40% of the total main ammunition load of the Yamato-class battleships by 1944, they were rarely used in combat against enemy aircraft.[6] The blast of the main guns turned out to disrupt the fire of the smaller antiaircraft guns. In addition the copper driving bands of the rounds were poorly machined and constant firing was damaging to the gun rifling;[7][8] indeed, one of the shells may have exploded early and disabled one of Musashi's guns during the Battle of the Sibuyan Sea.[6] Yamato fired these shells in two separate instances during Operation Ten-Go, first against PBM Mariner flying boats shadowing her, and later against the attacking aircraft of Task Force 58.

Notes

edit
  1. ^ These shells may have been nicknamed "The Beehive" while in service. See: DiGiulian, Tony (23 April 2007). "Japanese 40 cm/45 (18.1") Type 94, 46 cm/45 (18.1") Type 94". Navweaps.com. Retrieved 23 March 2009.

References

edit
  1. ^ US Naval Technical Mission to Japan (No. O-19) p15
  2. ^ Garzke, William H.; Dulin, Robert O. (1985). Battleships: Axis and Neutral Battleships in World War II. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. p. 267. ISBN 9780870211010.
  3. ^ "Imperial Battleships".
  4. ^ Morison, Struggle for Guadalcanal, Frank, Guadalcanal, pp. 315–20, 171–5, Hough, Pearl Harbor to Guadalcanal, pp. 326–27.
  5. ^ "Oil and Japanese Strategy in the Solomons: A Postulate". www.combinedfleet.com.
  6. ^ a b DiGiulian, Tony (23 April 2007). "Japanese 40 cm/45 (18.1") Type 94, 46 cm/45 (18.1") Type 94". Navweaps.com. Retrieved 23 March 2009.
  7. ^ Thomas J. Cutler (14 October 2013). The Battle of Leyte Gulf: 23-26 October 1944. Naval Institute Press. pp. 146–. ISBN 978-1-55750-243-8.
  8. ^ Steinberg, p. 54