Battle of Surat (1704)

Battle of Surat
Part of the Omani–Portuguese conflicts
Date 2 February 1704 Location Off Surat, India, Indian Ocean 21°12′18″N 72°50′24″E Result Portuguese victory
Belligerents
Portuguese Empire	Oman
Commanders and leaders
Jorge de Sousa de Meneses	Unknown
Strength
1 ship of the line 7 frigates	9 ships of the line and frigates
Casualties and losses
1 frigate damaged 90–100 killed 30–150 wounded	2 frigates captured 700 killed

The Battle of Surat was fought on 2 February 1704, off Surat, India, by a Portuguese squadron of one ship of the line and seven frigates, commanded by Jorge de Sousa de Meneses, and an Omani squadron of nine ships of the line and frigates.

Background

Portrait of Caetano de Melo e Castro

A sketch of a late 18th century Portuguese frigate

In September 1703, the Omani sacked and pillaged Daman during seven days. When the news of the sack reached Goa, the Viceroy of India, Caetano de Melo e Castro, quickly organized a squadron of four frigates, commanded by captain of sea and war Jorge de Sousa de Meneses. However, shortly after the departure of the Portuguese squadron, news reached Goa that the Omani had received reinforcements and their squadron was now composed by nine ships of the line and frigates, accompanied by a certain number of terradas, whose garrison was composed by 3,000 soldiers. Fearing that the four frigates of Sousa de Meneses wouldn't be sufficient to face a so powerful enemy, the Viceroy decided to reinforce the squadron with two frigates, that sailed to the north commanded by D. António de Meneses. Not happy, yet, the Viceroy still reinforced, on 30 December, the squadron with the 60-gun ship of the line Nossa Senhora da Glória and another frigate.

Thanks to the diligence of the Viceroy, now the Portuguese squadron was composed by one ship of the line and seven frigates, assisted by twelve rowing ships that constituted the Northern Squadron, in charge of escorting merchant cáfilas.

After the sack of Daman, the Omani had sailed to Surat, having stayed with the high board anchored at the poço and having sent the terradas to near the city. Sousa de Meneses stayed outside the poço, limiting himself to watch the enemy while waiting the arrival of the reinforcements whose he knew it was being prepared in Goa. As soon as they arrived, they decided to attack.

Battle

On 2 February, at 2:00 p.m., enjoying the high tide, the Portuguese squadron crossed the shoal that separated the exterior anchorage from the poço, having anchoring in the interior of it and having stayed with the ships next to and in a short distance with one of the Omani ships. Then a violent artillery duel started, and it lasted until the sunset.

At 4:00 p.m., by accident or by the action of the enemy, the frigate Nossa Senhora da Batalha started to catch fire. The frigate Nossa Senhora do Vale helped she, extinguishing the fire.

By result of the sure shot of the Portuguese artillery and musketry, the Omani suffered a lot of damage and casualties. The 80-gun flagship of the Omani squadron and a 50-gun, both ships of the line, in the attempt of move away from the Portuguese ships, ran aground, shortly after two frigates ran aground too.

At 6:00 p.m. the Omani squadron was completely destroyed and their captains thought of nothing else but move away from the Portuguese ships. By the night the fighting ended.

On 3 February, at 1:00 a.m., with high tide, the two Omani ships of the line that had run aground managed to leave and silently abandoned the poço, and sailed towards Muscat, like all the Omani squadron, except the two frigates that couldn't leave.

By the sunrise of 3 February, both frigates were captured by the Portuguese, one could leave and was incorporated in the Portuguese Navy, christened as São Caetano, and the other was burned.

Aftermath

Together with the two frigates lost, the Omani suffered heavy casualties, 700 dead and a lot of wounded. The Portuguese suffered 90 dead, the most were victims of the fire of the frigate Nossa Senhora da Batalha, and 30 and 150 wounded.

When notifying the battle to Lisbon, the Viceroy said that "...it was one of the fiercest shocks seen in India for many years" and that "...it was fought in full view of the English, the Dutch, and the same Mughals who valued the Arabs for the most valiant soldiers in Asia and feared them and respected."

It is to be assumed that as a result of the victory achieved, the Portuguese prestige in India has risen considerably, canceling out in some measure the bad impression caused by the loss of Mombasa in 1698.

After the battle the Portuguese squadron stayed anchored in the poço of Surat until April, in order to prevent that the Omani terradas anchored in Surat sailed to Oman. At the approaching of the monsoon, the squadron left.

Ten years later, on 19 February 1714, another naval battle between Portugal and Oman was fought off Surat, this time it ended with an indecisive strategic victory, but with a Portuguese tactical victory.

References

Bibliography

• Monteiro, Armando da Silva Saturnino (1996). Batalhas e Combates da Marinha Portuguesa (1669-1807) (PDF) (in Portuguese). Lisbon: Livraria Sá da Costa Editora.
• Santos, Nuno Valdez dos (2003). Apontamentos para a História da Marinha Portuguesa (PDF) (in Portuguese). Lisbon: Academia de Marinha.

External links

• Surrate (2 de Fevereiro de 1704)