Barrelene is a bicyclic organic compound with chemical formula C8H8 and systematic name bicyclo[2.2.2]octa-2,5,7-triene. First synthesized and described by Howard Zimmerman in 1960, the name derives from the resemblance to a barrel, with the staves being three ethylene units attached to two methine groups. It is the formal Diels–Alder adduct of benzene and acetylene. Due to its unusual molecular geometry, the compound is of considerable interest to theoretical chemists.
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| Preferred IUPAC name
Bicyclo[2.2.2]octa-2,5,7-triene[1] | |||
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| Properties | |||
| C8H8 | |||
| Molar mass | 104.15 | ||
| Density | 1.013 g/mL | ||
| Boiling point | 153.7 °C (308.7 °F; 426.8 K) | ||
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Iptycenes, with the alkene groups part of an arenes, are related compounds. It is also a starting material for many other organic compounds, such as semibullvalene.
Synthesis edit
The original Zimmerman synthesis modified in 1969[2] starts from coumalic acid:[note 1]
The synthesis of barrelene as reported by Zimmermann in 1969.
Many alternative routes have been devised since then, one of them starting from benzene oxide:[3][4]
An alternate route that allows synthesis of the parent barrelene system and a variety of substituted barrelenes has also been reported.[5]
Barrelene reactions edit
Barrelene is hydrogenated with hydrogen gas and Adams' catalyst in ethanol to the fully saturated bicyclo[2.2.2]-octane. Bromination with bromine in tetrachloromethane gives a di-bromo adduct because a coupling reaction intervenes:
Epoxidation of barrelene with oxone gives the trioxatrishomobarrelene[6] which on rearrangement with boron trifluoride (driving force:relief of strain energy) converts into the trioxatrishomocubane:[7]
This compound can be envisioned as a cubane with three oxygen atoms inserted into three opposite edges or as 9-crown-3 capped by two methine units. The molecule is chiral and the separate enantiomers have been isolated.
Certain barrelenes have been used as a monomer in a ring opening metathesis polymerization:[8][9]
The catalyst is a Fischer carbene (a molybdenum bis-(hexafluoro-tert-butoxy) carbene catalyst) and the long alkyl chain attached to the monomer is required for solubility. Oxidation of the polymer with DDQ affords the naphthalene pendant of poly(p-phenylene vinylene).
Isopentane solutions of barrelene undergo photolytic isomerisation when acetone is added as a photosensitizer to produce semibullvalene. Prolonged irradiation results in further isomerisation to form cyclooctatetraene.[10]
Notes edit
- ^ Reaction scheme: decarboxylation of coumalic acid (1) takes place at 650 °C with copper to give α-pyrone (2). The reaction with methyl vinyl ketone (3) is a tandem Diels–Alder/retro-Diels–Alder/Diels–Alder sequence, which yields di-ketone 5 as a mixture of two isomers. It is possible to convert the endo isomer 5b to the exo isomer 5a by an epimerization process through the enol. The ketone groups are converted to oxime groups in 6 by reaction with hydroxylamine and then to the tosylate groups in 7 by reaction with tosyl chloride. A basic Beckmann rearrangement takes the scheme to give amide 8 and its hydrolysis to the di-amine 9 takes place with sodium hydroxide. Finally, a Hofmann elimination through ammonium salt 10 gives the barrelene 11.
References edit
- ^ International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (2014). Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry: IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013. The Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 1257. doi:10.1039/9781849733069. ISBN 978-0-85404-182-4.
- ^ Zimmerman, Howard E.; Grunewald, Gary L.; Paufler, Robert M.; Sherwin, Maynard A. (April 1969). "Synthesis and physical properties of barrelene, a unique Moebius-like molecule". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 91 (9): 2330–2338. doi:10.1021/ja01037a024. ISSN 0002-7863.
- ^ Cossu, Sergio; Battaggia, Simone; De Lucchi, Ottorino (1997-06-13). "Barrelene, a New Convenient Synthesis". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 62 (12): 4162–4163. doi:10.1021/jo962267f. ISSN 0022-3263.
- ^ Step one in this reaction between oxepin (one of the possible tautomers) with (Z)-1,2-bis(phenylsulfonyl)ethylene is a Diels–Alder reaction. The reagents for de-epoxidation are tungsten hexachloride and butyllithium. The second elimination reaction takes place with sodium amalgam in Julia olefination style.
- ^ Wagaman, Michael W.; Bellmann, Erika; Cucullu, Michèle; Grubbs, Robert H. (1997-12-01). "Synthesis of Substituted Bicyclo[2.2.2]octatrienes". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 62 (26): 9076–9082. doi:10.1021/jo971039y. ISSN 0022-3263.
- ^ endo, exo,syn-3,7,10-Trioxapentacyclo[3.3.3.02,4.06,8.09,11]undecane
- ^ Kozhushkov, Sergei I.; Preuß, Thomas; Yufit, Dmitrii S.; Howard, Judith A. K.; Meindl, Kathrin; Rühl, Stephan; Yamamoto, Chiyo; Okamoto, Yoshio; Schreiner, Peter R.; Rinderspacher, B. Christopher; de Meijere, Armin (June 2006). "4,7,11‐Triheterotrishomocubanes – Propeller‐Shaped Highly Symmetrical Chiral Molecules Derived from Barrelene". European Journal of Organic Chemistry. 2006 (11): 2590–2600. doi:10.1002/ejoc.200600019. ISSN 1434-193X.
- ^ Pu, Lin; Wagaman, Michael W.; Grubbs, Robert H. (1996-01-01). "Synthesis of Poly(1,4-naphthylenevinylenes): Metathesis Polymerization of Benzobarrelenes". Macromolecules. 29 (4): 1138–1143. doi:10.1021/ma9500143. ISSN 0024-9297.
- ^ Wagaman, Michael W.; Grubbs, Robert H. (1997-07-01). "Synthesis of Organic and Water Soluble Poly(1,4-phenylenevinylenes) Containing Carboxyl Groups: Living Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP) of 2,3-Dicarboxybarrelenes". Macromolecules. 30 (14): 3978–3985. doi:10.1021/ma9701595. ISSN 0024-9297.
- ^ Zimmerman, H. E.; Grunewald, G. L. (1966). "The Chemistry of Barrelene. III. A Unique Photoisomerization to Semibullvalene". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 88 (1): 183–184. doi:10.1021/ja00953a045.