Banknotes of Demerara and Essequibo, issued from 1809[1] through 1839[2] were dual-denominated in Guilders and Joes, a term used by the British colonists to refer to the Portuguese gold Johannes coin[3] and the notes that eventually replaced them.[4] Despite roughly 30 years of use, the only Joes known to exist are unissued remainders from the 1830s.[5]
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History edit
Dating back to at least 1798, the main unit of monetary exchange in the colonies of Demerara and Essequibo was the Portuguese gold Johannes coin[6] which were valued at 22 Dutch guilders.[2] Exchange rates in the United States in 1797 valued the Portuguese Johannes at $16 (the Spanish doubloon at $14.93, and the English silver shilling at $0.22).[7] Due to clipping and boring (replaced with brass or copper)[4] these coins (colloquially referred to as a Joe)[4] began to lose their intrinsic value. An initial attempt was made to counterstamp or chop mark valid coins.[6] Eventually (1809) the coins were recalled by the authorities and paper currency, denominated in both Guilders and Joes were issued.[2]
Issuance edit
The new paper issue of 1809 introduced 50,000 Joes equivalent to 1,100,000 guilders.[8] This was followed by an additional 25,807 Joes in 1815–16,[8] and 24,193 more in 1824 for a total circulation of just under 100,000 Joes.[8] Deemed to be a legal tender,[8][2] the notes were partially backed by securities in London,[2] though their ability to be redeemed for gold was questionable.[6]
By 1837, records indicate that 99,989 Joes had been issued in the following denominations: 1 Joe (13,258 notes), 2 Joes (8,189), 3 Joes (4,201), 5 Joes (3,150), 10 Joes (1,700), and 20 Joes (1,250).[9] By 1839, there had been reference to a half-Joe.[10]
Currently known specimen edit
The Standard Catalog of World Paper Money lists only the unissued remainders of the 1830s. The two issues are distinguished by several design features including an ornate D-E in the upper center (first issue) or a woman with an anchor in the upper left (second issue).[5] In addition, the wording of the denomination differs between the series. The first issue lists two denominations: 1 Joe or 22 Guilders and 10 Joes or 220 Guilders; the second issue lists four denominations: 1 Joe of 22 Guilders, 2 Joes of 22 Guilders each, 3 Joes of 22 Guilders each, and 10 Joes of 22 Guilders each.[5] The illustrated 20 Joe note is a recent discovery (for the 1830s issue) in the National Numismatic Collection.
References edit
- ^ Hazlitt, William Carew (1896). The Coin Collector. G. Redway. p. 241.
- ^ a b c d e The New Local Guide of British Guiana: Containing Historical Sketch, Chronological List, and the Ordinances in Daily Use, Up to 31st December, 1862. Royal Gazette Office. 1863. p. 9.
- ^ Halliday, Sir Andrew (1837). The West Indies: The Natural and Physical History of the Windward and Leeward Colonies; with Some Account of the Moral, Social, and Political Condition of Their Inhabitants, Immediately Before and After the Abolition of Negro Slavery. J. W. Parker. p. 192.
- ^ a b c Dalton, Henry G. (1855). The History of British Guiana: Comprising a General Description of the Colony ; a Narrative of Some of the Principal Events from the Earliest Period of Its Discovery to the Present Time ; Together with an Account of Its Climate, Geology, Staple Products, and Natural History. Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans. pp. 290–292, 360.
- ^ a b c Cuhaj, George S. (2013-12-30). Standard Catalog of World Paper Money, Specialized Issues. Krause Publications. p. 153. ISBN 978-1-4402-3883-3.
- ^ a b c Chalmers, Robert (1972). A history of currency. Рипол Классик. pp. 94, 135. ISBN 978-5-87888-302-3.
- ^ Bates, Christopher G. (2015-04-08). The Early Republic and Antebellum America: An Encyclopedia of Social, Political, Cultural, and Economic History. Routledge. p. 674. ISBN 978-1-317-45740-4.
- ^ a b c d Dalton, Henry G. (1855). The History of British Guiana: Comprising a General Description of the Colony ; a Narrative of Some of the Principal Events from the Earliest Period of Its Discovery to the Present Time ; Together with an Account of Its Climate, Geology, Staple Products, and Natural History. Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans. pp. 290–292, 360.
- ^ Martin, Robert Montgomery (1839). Statistics of the Colonies of the British Empire ...: From the Official Records of the Colonial Office. W.H. Allen and Company. p. 134.
- ^ Guiana, British (1870). The Laws of British Guiana: Chronologically Arranged from the Year 1580 to [1880]. L. M'Dermott. p. 242.
Source edit
- Schomburgk, Robert H. (1840). A Description of British Guiana, Geographical and Statistical…. Simpkin, Marshall, and Co.