Anglo-Jewish studies is the field of historical enquiry into the experience of Jewish people in England. The Jewish Historical Society of England has been central to work in this area, which began as a serious field from around the 1880s.
Historiography
editInterest in the medieval Jewry of England was very limited until the twentieth century. The first published history was Anglia Judaica by De Blossiers Tovey in 1738,[1] and no further serious efforts at investigating the topic were made until the end of the nineteenth century.[2]
Unlike many areas of medieval historical research, the activities of the English Jewish community was in certain aspects extremely well documented, as a result of the interests of the crown in determining taxation and resolving disputes. This allowed research in the area to develop significantly, after the efforts of Jewish historians centred around the Jewish Historical Society, such as Joseph Jacobs, to produce accessible versions of key documents and analyse them in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Such work was still viewed as marginal to the wider study of English history.[2] Within academia, there were serious barriers of anti-Semitism to the study of Jewish topics, Cecil Roth for instance noted in 1928 that the topic was "an outcast in Universities" and that until a career was assured, an academic "cannot dare to let it be known that he (sic) is seriously interested in questions relating to Jewish scholarship".[3]
It continued to be viewed as a relatively marginal concern outside of Jewish studies until the 1940s, when the relevance and importance began to become more obvious in the light of Nazism and the Holocaust. Writers such as Roth developed these themes in A History of the Jews in England in 1941,[4] utilising the work done by Jacobs and others to provide the documentary evidence. Henry Richardson produced further depth in his work English Jewry under Angevin Kings in 1960.[5]
A new wave of historians in the 1970s picked up themes such as Barrie Dobson's work on the York Jewry, and Gavin Langmuir's work on ritual murder accusations regarding Little Saint Hugh. They understood their work as important for understanding the parallels with and roots of the Holocaust. For Dobson, "the treatment of their Jewish minorities by Edward I, Philip the Fair, and los reyes catolicos, much as those monarchs would have been disconcerted by the thought, is more 'relevant' to our own problems than any other feature of their respective reigns". Or as Langmuir says: "To explain what Hitler had done, scholars found they had to rewrite sections of earlier history".[6]
More recently, a new wave of researchers has produced work focusing on the experience of individuals, gender history and other areas. It is flourishing as an area of medieval research, and has in Richard Huscroft's opinion become indispensable for medievalists to be familiar with.[7]
Nevertheless, there has been continued reflection that general histories of the period still tend to neglect important aspects of period regarding the Anglo-Jewish community and anti-semitic measures or beliefs, despite being in Patricia Skinner's opinion "vital to an understanding of the political and social history of the region"[8] and while other Anglo-Jewish historians believe general histories can underestimate the importance of the issues in a wider sense,[9] while others believe the recent work often remains less accessible than it should be.[10] The reasons for this are complex, but suggestions include that general histories often concentrate on individuals and their biographical details, hero worship of figures like Edward I,[11] absorption of the prejudices of the primary sources,[12][a] that the issues are too difficult, painful or embarrassing,[14] or that the persecution of Jews by England's monarchs gives the lie to the notion that centralised power of Kings was to the general benefit of the population.[15]
Notable academics
editSee also
editReferences
editNotes
edit- ^ Richardson quotes Poole's volume III of the Oxford History of England: "The ostentation which possession of great wealth enabled the Jews to display, and their unconcealed contempt for the practices of Christianity, made them an object of universal dislike; as usurers, moreover, they had gained a strangle-hold on the recently-founded monastic houses whose splendid buildings they had financed, and on many of the smaller aristocratic families";[13] unchanged from the 1951 edition; still in print in the late 1980s
Citations
edit- ^ Lee 1899
- ^ a b Huscroft 2006, p. 18
- ^ Quoted in Skinner 2003, p. 4
- ^ Roth 1964 (third edition)
- ^ Richardson 1960; Huscroft 2006, pp. 18–19
- ^ Quoted in Richmond 1992, p. 43
- ^ Huscroft 2006, pp. 19–20
- ^ Skinner 2003, p. 1
- ^ Richmond 1992, Skinner 2003, p. 1, Stacey 2011
- ^ Huscroft 2006, p. 20
- ^ Richardson 1960, p. 213 "The insularity of English historians led them to a conception of Edward as an English hero: in truth he was neither English nor heroic, and this truth is slowly being realized"
- ^ Richardson 1960, p. vii.
- ^ Poole 1955, p. 353.
- ^ Richmond 1992, p. 47
- ^ Richmond 1992, pp. 51–2
Sources
edit- Hillaby, Joe (2003). "Jewish Colonisation in the Twelfth Century". In Skinner, Patricia (ed.). Jews in Medieval Britain. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. pp. 15–40. ISBN 978-1-84383-733-6.
- Huscroft, Richard (2006). Expulsion: England's Jewish solution. Stroud: Tempus. ISBN 978-0-752-43729-3. OL 7982808M.
- Lee, Sidney (1899). . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 57. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 89–90.
- Poole, Austin L. (1955). Domesday Book to Magna Carta. The Oxford History of England (Second ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198217072.
- Richardson, Henry (1960). English Jewry under Angevin Kings. London: Methuen. OL 17927110M.
- Richmond, Colin (1992). "Englishness and Medieval Anglo-Jewry". In Kushner, Tony (ed.). The Jewish Heritage in British History. Frank Cass. pp. 42–59. ISBN 0-7146-3464-6.
- Roth, Cecil (1964). A history of the Jews in England (Third ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0198224884.
- Skinner, Patricia (2003). "Introduction". In Skinner, Patricia (ed.). Jews in Medieval Britain. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. pp. 1–11. ISBN 0851159311.
- Stacey, Robert (2011). "Review of The King's Jews: Money, Massacre and Exodus in Medieval England, (review no. 1077)". Reviews in History.