Anchietea is a genus of flowering plants in the violet family Violaceae, with six accepted species, found in tropical South America.
| Anchietea | |
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| Anchietea pyrifolia | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malpighiales |
| Family: | Violaceae |
| Subfamily: | Violoideae |
| Tribe: | Violeae |
| Genus: | Anchietea A.St.-Hil.[1][2][3] |
| Type species | |
| Anchietea pyrifolia | |
| Species | |
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| Synonyms[2] | |
Description edit
Lianas or reclining shrubs with oblong-lanceolate to ovate leaves. The flowers, which may be unisexual or bisexual, are in axillary racemoids or fascicles, with a white to orange corollas that are strongly zygomorphic (bilaterally symmetrical) with the long bottom petal weakly differentiated with a well exserted (projecting) spur. On the five stamens, the filaments are strongly connate (fused) with the two lowest anthers calcarate (spurred) and possessing a small dorsal connective appendage that is entire and ovate. In the gynoecium, the style is rostellate (beaked). The fruit is a very thin walled bladder-like capsule. There are many seeds per carpel, that are orbicular in outline and strongly flattened and encircled with a low interrupted ridge, or broad wing.[5][6][7] The genus is characterized by membranaceous inflated capsules that usually prematurely expose the strongly flattened seeds to maturation.[8]
Taxonomy edit
The genus Anchietea was first described by Saint-Hilaire in 1824, with a single species Anchietea salutaris, which thus is considered the type species.[9] Therefore, the genus bears his name, A.St.-Hil., as the botanical authority.[4] Shortly before this, Martius had described a species in a related genera, Noisettia pyrifolia.[10] In 1831, Don transferred this species to Anchietea, noting that the specific epithet pyrifolia referred to "pear-shaped leaves".[11][12] A revision of the genus in 2013 identified A. salutaris and A. pyrifolia as conspecific, and since A. pyrifolia had priority (as Noisettia pyrifolia) it is the type species.[12]
Early taxonomic schemes, primarily based on floral morphology, such as Bentham and Hooker (1862)[13] placed Anchietea within subfamily Violoideae, tribe Violeae, subtribe Violinae.[6][14] Anchietea is one of four lianescent genera in Violaceae, together with Calyptrion Ging., Agatea A.Gray and the more recently discovered (2003) Hybanthopsis Paula-Souza.[15] Historically, these genera were distributed among separate subtribes, with Anchietea within subtribe Violinae with Calyptrion and Hybanthopsis and Agatea in subtribe Hybanthinae.[5][14]
Molecular phylogenetic studies have now grouped these four genera together into a single lianescent clade, one of four within the family Violaceae.[7]
Etymology edit
The genus Anchietea is named for the sixteenth century Jesuit missionary and naturalist Joseph of Anchieta, who described the Brazilian flora.[11][16]
Species edit
- Anchietea ballardii Paula-Souza
- Anchietea exaltata Eichler
- Anchietea ferrucciae Paula-Souza & Zmarzty
- Anchietea frangulifolia (Kunth) Melch.
- Anchietea pyrifolia (Mart.) G.Don
- Anchietea sellowiana Cham. & Schltdl.
Estimates of the number of species in Anchietea has varied considerably between five[5][17] and nine,[1][2] but historically, the genus has been poorly described and new species have continued to be described. Paula-Souza and colleagues recognize six species,[18][8][7] having added A. ferrucciae in 2010 as a new description[8] and A. ballardii in 2016.[19][20]
Distribution and habitat edit
Extra-Amazonian South America, in the Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests (SDTF) of South America.[19][21][2]
References edit
- ^ a b WFO 2019.
- ^ a b c d POTWO 2020.
- ^ IPNI 2020.
- ^ a b Tropicos 2020.
- ^ a b c Ballard et al. 2013.
- ^ a b Byng 2014.
- ^ a b c Wahlert et al. 2014.
- ^ a b c Paula-Souza & Zmarzty 2010.
- ^ Saint-Hilaire 1824.
- ^ Martius 1824.
- ^ a b Don 1831.
- ^ a b Paula-Souza et al. 2013.
- ^ Bentham & Hooker 1862.
- ^ a b de Paula-Souza & Pirani 2014.
- ^ de Paula-Souza & Souza 2003.
- ^ Quattrocchi 2000.
- ^ Christenhusz et al. 2017.
- ^ Paula-Souza 2009.
- ^ a b de Paula-Souza & Pirani 2016.
- ^ Ohio 2016.
- ^ Paula-Souza & Pirani 2014.
Bibliography edit
- Books and theses
- Ballard, Harvey E; Paula-Souza, Juliana de; Wahlert, Gregory A (2013). "Violaceae". In Kubitzki, Klaus (ed.). Flowering Plants. 11 Eudicots: Malpighiales. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 303–322. ISBN 978-3-642-39417-1.(Also preview at Springer)
- Bentham, G.; Hooker, J.D. (1862). "Violarieae". Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita (3 vols.). Vol. 1. London: L Reeve & Co. pp. 114–121.
- Byng, James W. (2014). "Violaceae". The Flowering Plants Handbook: A practical guide to families and genera of the world. Plant Gateway Ltd. pp. 238–239. ISBN 978-0-9929993-1-5.
- Christenhusz, Maarten J. M.; Fay, Michael F.; Chase, Mark W. (2017). "Violaceae". Plants of the World: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Vascular Plants. University of Chicago Press. pp. 324–325. ISBN 978-0-226-52292-0.
- Don, George (1831). "Anchietea". A general history of the dichlamydeous plants: comprising complete descriptions of the different orders...the whole arranged according to the natural system IV vols. Vol. 1. London: J.G. and F. Rivington. p. 340.
- Paula-Souza, Juliana de; Pirani, José Rubens (2014). "A biogeographical overview of the "lianescent clade" of Violaceae in the Neotropical region". In Greer, Francis Eliott (ed.). Dry Forests: Ecology, Species Diversity and Sustainable Management. Environmental Science, Engineering and Technology. Nova Science Publishers. pp. 1–28. ISBN 978-1-63321-291-6.
- Quattrocchi, Umberto (2000). "Anchietea". CRC world dictionary of plant names: common names, scientific names, eponyms, synonyms, and etymology. 4 vols. Vol. 1. A-C. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 131. ISBN 0-8493-2673-7.
- Paula-Souza, Juliana (2009). "Anchietea". Estudos filogenéticos em Violaceae com ênfase na tribo Violeae e revisão taxonômica dos gêneros Lianescentes de Violaceae na região [Neotropical Phylogenetic studies on tribe Violeae and taxonomic revision of the Neotropical Lianescent genera of Violaceae] (PhD thesis) (in Brazilian Portuguese). Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo. pp. 65–120.
- Articles
- Martius, Karl Friedrich Philipp von (1824). "Noisettia pyrifolia". Nova genera et species plantarum :quas in itinere per Brasiliam MDCCCXVII-MDCCCXX jussu et auspiciis Maximiliani Josephi I., Bavariae regis augustissimi instituto. 3 vols (in Latin). Vol. 1. Munich: Lindaueri. pp. 24–25.
- Paula-Souza, J. De; Zmarzty, S. (July 2010). "Anchietea ferrucciae (Violaceae), a new species from the Brazilian Caatinga". Phytotaxa. 7 (1): 40–45. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.7.1.5.
- Paula-Souza, Juliana de; Rubens Pirani, Jose; Hoffmann, Matthias H; Röser, Martin (2013). "Reappraisal of names and lectotype designations in the South American genus Anchietea (Violaceae)". Schlechtendalia. 25: 63–68.
- de Paula-Souza, Juliana; Pirani, José Rubens (22 December 2014). "Reestablishment of Calyptrion (Violaceae)". Taxon. 63 (6): 1335–1339. doi:10.12705/636.7.
- de Paula-Souza, Juliana; Souza, Vinicius Castro (July 2003). "Hybanthopsis, a new genus of Violaceae from Eastern Brazil". Brittonia. 55 (3): 209–213. doi:10.1663/0007-196X(2003)055[0209:HANGOV]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 9681796.
- de Paula-Souza, Juliana; Pirani, José Rubens (14 October 2016). "Novelties in Brazilian Anchietea A.St.-Hil. (Violaceae): A new species from inselbergs in the Atlantic rainforest and an update on the conservation status of Anchietea ferrucciae Paula-Souza & Zmarzty". Phytotaxa. 280 (1): 63. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.280.1.6.
- Saint-Hilaire, A.F.C.P (1824). "Indication abrégée des plantes de la flore du Brésil méridional, qui appartiennent au groupe des Droséracées, des Violacées, des Cistées et des Frankeniées". Annales des Sciences Naturelles (in Latin). 2: 248–255.
- Wahlert, Gregory A.; Marcussen, Thomas; de Paula-Souza, Juliana; Feng, Min; Ballard, Harvey E. (1 March 2014). "A Phylogeny of the Violaceae (Malpighiales) Inferred from Plastid DNA Sequences: Implications for Generic Diversity and Intrafamilial Classification". Systematic Botany. 39 (1): 239–252. doi:10.1600/036364414X678008. S2CID 86452033.
- Websites
- WFO (2019). "Anchietea A. St.-Hil. Ann. Sci. Nat. (Paris) 2: 252. 1824". World Flora Online. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
- POTWO. "Anchietea A.St.-Hil". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
- IPNI. "Anchietea A.St.-Hil., Ann. Sci. Nat. (Paris) 2: 252 (1824)". Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
- "Anchietea A. St.-Hil". Tropicos. Missouri Botanical Garden. 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
- "Brazil Researcher Names New Species After Colleague Harvey Ballard". College of Arts & Sciences, Ohio University. 28 October 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2020.