Convolutidae is a family of acoels, belonging to the phylum Xenacoelomorpha. This family contains more than a third of all known acoel species.[2][3]
| Convolutidae Temporal range: [1]
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| Flatworm-like Waminoa sp. on Plerogyra sp. | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Xenacoelomorpha |
| Order: | Acoela |
| Superfamily: | Aberrantospermata |
| Family: | Convolutidae Graff, 1905 |
| Synonyms | |
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Description
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The family Convolutidae includes acoels with a ventral mouth opening and a body-wall musculature composed both dorsally and ventrally by circular, longitudinal, and longitudinal crossover muscle fibers. The ventral body wall also has a group of U-shaped fibers.[2] Most species are symbionts with algae.[2] The anterior end has a cluster of frontal glands, a pair of eyes and a statocyst. The body has pigmented lens. Intestine and excretory system is absent. It is hermaphrodite but protandry is common.
Taxonomy
editGenera
editThere are 26 genera in the family Convolutidae, of which 25 are extant.[4][5] The type genus is Convoluta.
- †Gutticorpus Knaust, 2021[2]
- Achoerus Beklemischev, 1914
- Adenopea Antonius, 1968
- Amphiscolops Graff, 1904
- Antrosagittifera Hooge & Tyler, 2001
- Brachypea Antonius, 1968
- Conaperta Antonius, 1968
- Convoluta Ørsted, 1843
- Convolutriloba Hendelberg & Akesson, 1988
- Haplodiscus Weldon, 1888
- Heterochaerus Haswell, 1905
- Neochildia Bush, 1975
- Oligochoerus Beklemischev, 1963
- Oxyposthia Ivanov, 1952
- Pelophila Dörjes, 1968
- Philachoerus Dörjes, 1968
- Polychoerus Mark, 1892
- Praesagittifera Kostenko & Mamkaev, 1990
- Pseudanaperus Dörjes, 1968
- Pseudoconvoluta Beklemischev, 1929
- Sagittifera Kostenko & Mamkaev, 1990
- Stomatricha Hooge, 2003
- Symsagittifera Kostenko & Mamkaev, 1990
- Thalassoanaperus Hernandez, 2018
- Waminoa Winsor, 1990
- Wulguru Winsor, 1988
Species
editThere are over 100 species recognised in the family Convolutidae:[4]
- †Gutticorpus concentrica Knaust, 2021
- Achoerus caspius Beklemischev, 1914
- Achoerus ferox Beklemischev, 1937
- Achoerus pachycaudatus Dörjes, 1968
- Adenopea cenata (Du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1955)
- Adenopea chuni (Brauner, 1920)
- Adenopea illardata Löhner & Micoletzky, 1911
- Adenopea illardatus (Lohner & Micoletzky, 1911)
- Amphiscolops bermudensis Hyman 1939
- Amphiscolops castellonensis Steinböck, 1954
- Amphiscolops cinereus (Graff, 1874)
- Amphiscolops evelinae Marcus 1947
- Amphiscolops fuligineus Peebles 1913
- Amphiscolops gemelliporus Marcus 1954
- Amphiscolops gerundensis Steinböck, 1954
- Amphiscolops japonicus Kato 1947
- Amphiscolops marinelliensis Beltagi & Khafagi, 1984
- Amphiscolops mosaicus Kozloff 1998
- Amphiscolops potocani Achatz, 2008
- Amphiscolops trifurcatus (Beltagi 1983)
- Amphiscolops zeii Riedl 1956
- Antrosagittifera corallina Hooge & Tyler, 2001
- Brachypea kenoma Antonius 1968
- Conaperta antonii Achatz, Hooge & Tyler, 2007
- Conaperta cirrata Achatz, Hooge & Tyler, 2007
- Conaperta flavibacillum (Jensen, 1878)
- Conaperta lineata (Peebles, 1915)
- Convoluta albomaculata (Pereyaslawzewa, 1892)
- Convoluta baltica Meixner, 1938
- Convoluta bimaculata Graff, 1882
- Convoluta bohmigi (Brauner, 1920)
- Convoluta borealis Sabussow 1900
- Convoluta boyeri Bush 1984
- Convoluta chiridotae (Beklemischev, 1915)
- Convoluta confusa Graff 1904
- Convoluta convoluta (Abildgaard, 1806)
- Convoluta enelitta Antonius 1968
- Convoluta furugelmi Mamkaev, 1971
- Convoluta henseni Böhmig, 1895
- Convoluta hipparchia Pereyaslawzewa 1892
- Convoluta kikaiensis Yamasu 1982
- Convoluta krana Antonius, 1968
- Convoluta lacazii Graff 1891
- Convoluta lacrimosa Achatz, Hooge & Tyler, 2007
- Convoluta marginalis Ivanov 1952
- Convoluta maris-alba (Sabussow, 1899)
- Convoluta marisalbi Sabussov, 1900
- Convoluta naviculae Yamasu 1982
- Convoluta niphoni Achatz, 2008
- Convoluta pelagica Lohner & Micoletzky 1911
- Convoluta philippinensis Bush 1984
- Convoluta punctata Riedl, 1959
- Convoluta pygopora Antonius 1968
- Convoluta schmidti Czerniavsky, 1881
- Convoluta schuelii Achatz, 2008
- Convoluta semperi Graff, 1882
- Convoluta sordida Graff 1882
- Convoluta thela (Antonius, 1968)
- Convoluta uljanini Graff, 1904
- Convoluta variabilis (Pereyaslawzewa, 1892)
- Convolutriloba hastifera Winsor, 1990
- Convolutriloba longifissura Bartolomaeus & Balzer, 1997
- Convolutriloba macropyga Shannon & Achatz, 2007
- Convolutriloba retrogemma Hendelberg & Akesson, 1988
- Haplodiscus acuminatus Böhmig, 1895
- Haplodiscus bocki Dörjes 1970
- Haplodiscus incola (Leiper, 1902)
- Haplodiscus obtusus Böhmig, 1895
- Haplodiscus ovatus Böhmig, 1895
- Haplodiscus piger Weldon 1888
- Haplodiscus ussovi Sabussow, 1896
- Haplodiscus weldoni Böhmig, 1895
- Heterochaerus australis Haswell 1905
- Heterochaerus blumi (Achatz, Hooge & Tyler, 2007)
- Heterochaerus carvalhoi (Marcus, 1952)
- Heterochaerus langerhansi (Graff, 1882)
- Heterochaerus sargassi (Hyman 1939)
- Neochildia fusca Bush, 1975
- Oligochoerus bakuensis Beklemischev 1963
- Oligochoerus chlorella Beklemischev 1963
- Oligochoerus conops Beklemischev, 1963
- Oligochoerus erythrophthalmus Beklemischev 1963
- Oligochoerus limnophilus Ax & Doerjes 1966
- Oligochoerus melanops Beklemischev 1963
- Oligochoerus xanthella Beklemischev 1963
- Oxyposthia praedator Ivanov 1952
- Pelophila lutheri (Westblad, 1946)
- Philachoerus johanni Dörjes, 1968
- Praesagittifera gracilis (Yamasu, 1982)
- Praesagittifera naikaiensis (Yamasu, 1982)
- Praesagittifera shikoki Kostenko & Mamkaev 1990
- Sagittifera sagittifera (Ivanov, 1952)
- Stomatricha hochbergi Hooge, 2003
- Thalassoanaperus australis (Westblad, 1952)
- Thalassoanaperus biaculeatus (Boguta, 1970)
- Thalassoanaperus gardineri (Graff, 1911)
- Thalassoanaperus ornatus (Beltagi, 2001)
- Thalassoanaperus rubellus (Westblad, 1945)
- Thalassoanaperus singularis (Hooge & Smith, 2004)
- Thalassoanaperus sulcatus (Beklemischev, 1914)
- Thalassoanaperus tvaerminnensis (Luther, 1912)
- Waminoa brickneri Ogunlana, Hooge, Tekle, Benayahu, Barneah & Tyler, 2005
- Waminoa litus Winsor 1990
- Wulguru cuspidata Winsor 1988
Notes
editReferences
edit- ^ Knaust, Dirk (2021-10-07). "A microbialite with its entombed benthic community from the Middle Triassic (Anisian-Ladinian) Muschelkalk Group of Germany". Palaeontographica Abteilung A. 320 (1–3): 1–63. doi:10.1127/pala/2021/0114. ISSN 0375-0442.
- ^ a b c d Hooge, M. D.; Tyler, S. (2005). "New tools for resolving phylogenies: a systematic revision of the Convolutidae (Acoelomorpha, Acoela)". Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 43 (2): 100–113. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0469.2005.00301.x. ISSN 0947-5745.
- ^ Turbellarian taxonomic database[permanent dead link], 2006.
- ^ a b Seth Tyler (2010). "Convolutidae". World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved May 29, 2021.
- ^ Nilsson, K.S., Wallberg, A., & Jondelius, U. (2011). "New species of Acoela from the Mediterranean, the Red Sea, and the South Pacific." Zootaxa 2867: 1-31.