Afaq Khoja Mausoleum

Afaq Khoja Mausoleum
Afaq Khoja Mausoleum
Uyghur name
Uyghur	ئاپاق خوجا مازار‎
Latin Yëziqi
Transcriptions
Latin Yëziqi	Apaq Xoja Mazar
Chinese name
Chinese	阿巴和加麻札
Hanyu Pinyin
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Ābā Héjiā mázhá
Persian name
Persian	مزار آفاق خواجه

The Afaq Khoja Mausoleum is a mausoleum in Xinjiang, China; it is the holiest Muslim site in the region. It is located some 5 km northeast from the centre of Kashgar,^[1] in Haohan Village (浩罕村; Ayziret in Uyghur),^[2] which has is also known as Yaghdu.^[1] The shrine is heavily patronized by sightseers and has been designated as a tourist attraction by Chinese officials.^[3]^[4]^[5]

History

The mazar (mausoleum) was initially built in ca. 1640 as the tomb of Muhammad Yūsuf, a Central Asian Naqshbandi Sufi master who had come to the Altishahr region (present-day Southern Xinjiang) in the early 17th century and possibly was also active in spreading Sufism in China proper.^[6] Later, Muhammad Yūsuf's more famous son and successor, Afāq Khoja, was buried there as well in 1694. As believed, the tiled mausoleum contains the tombs of five generations of the Afāqi family, providing resting places for 72 of its members.

Description

The mausoleum is perhaps the finest example of Islamic architecture in Xinjiang. A large dome of 17 m is at the center surrounded by four corner minarets with stripes and arabesque floral patterns.^[7] Each of the windows of the minarets are in a different geometric pattern while the tops have turrets with an inverted lotus dome and scalloped edges. The entrance to the mausoleum is a majestic facade and a tiled iwan-niche style typical of Central Asian mosques.^[7]

The tombs are decorated with blue glazed tiles and draped in colorful silks. Inside the tomb hall is the Casket of Iparhan which supposedly carried her from Beijing.

There is a mausoleum, four prayer halls which are supported by wooden beams with muqarnas on the capitals, a lecture hall and a cemetery which is still in use by the Ugyhur population and has distinctive mud and brick tombs.^[7] A gateway also has blue glazed tiles and there is a pond in the courtyard for people to cleanse before entering.^[7]

Gallery

Entrance of the mausoleum
One of the mausoleum's tiled minarets
Closeup detail of the tiled minaret
Wooden beams in the mausoleum's interior
Tombs are decorated with blue glazed tiles and draped in colorful silks.

Chinese tourism

Chinese officials have been associating the site with the Fragrant Concubine, or Xiang Fei, a Kashgar woman in Chinese legend who was taken as a consort by the 18th-century Qianlong Emperor. Early accounts call Xiang Fei, known as Iparhan in Uyghur, the wife (or daughter) of a descendant of Afaq Khoja, and a sign has marked her supposed tomb at the Afaq Khoja shrine.^[8]^[7] She was the wife of a rogue leader who was captured by Qianlong's troops and was taken to Beijing to be the emperor's imperial concubine. Refusing to serve him, a Uyghur tale said she was forced to commit suicide or was murdered by the Emperor's mother.^[7]

In 2015, officials opened a tourist park named Xiang Fei Garden near the mausoleum. Pilgrimage near or at the holy site has been discouraged or banned by the officials. The shrine is heavily patronized by sightseers, especially China's ethnic-Han majority, and has been designated as a tourist attraction by Chinese officials.^[3]^[4]^[5]^[8]

References

^ ^a ^b Fletcher, Joseph F. (1978), "Ch'ing Inner Asia", in Twitchett, Denis Crispin; Fairbank, John King (eds.), The Cambridge history of China, Volume 10, Part 1, Cambridge University Press, pp. 35–106, ISBN 0-521-21447-5, archived from the original on 2017-01-09, retrieved 2016-09-21, page 75.
^ Display board at the site
^ ^a ^b Rian Thum (13 October 2014). The Sacred Routes of Uyghur History. Harvard University Press. pp. 233–. ISBN 978-0-674-59855-3. Archived from the original on 9 January 2017. Retrieved 29 August 2016.
^ ^a ^b Michael Dillon (1 August 2014). Xinjiang and the Expansion of Chinese Communist Power: Kashgar in the Early Twentieth Century. Routledge. pp. 11–. ISBN 978-1-317-64721-8. Archived from the original on 9 January 2017. Retrieved 29 August 2016.
^ ^a ^b Buckley, Chris; Ramzy, Austin (September 25, 2020). "China Is Erasing Mosques and Precious Shrines in Xinjiang". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
^ Due to scanty and imprecise documentary evidence, the late career of Muhammad Yūsuf and the date of his death remain uncertain. According to Joseph Fletcher's research, Muhammad Yūsuf had worked among Hui and Salar people in present-day Gansu and Qinghai provinces in the mid-17th century, then returned to Altishahr and died there in 1653, poisoned by his rivals. On the other hand, the dean of Hui studies in China, Ma Tong, thought that Muhammad Yūsuf died in 1622, and all preaching in Qinghai and Gansu was done by his son Afāq Khoja. (Lipman, Jonathan Neaman (1998). Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China. Hong Kong University Press. p. 59. ISBN 962-209-468-6. Archived from the original on 2017-01-09. Retrieved 2016-09-21. Lipman's source is: Joseph Fletcher, "The Naqshbandiya in Northwest China", in Beatrcie Manz, ed. (1995). Studies on Chinese and Islamic Inner Asia. London: Variorum.)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f China. Eye Witness Travel Guides. pp. 512–513.
^ ^a ^b "China uses tourism to smother Xinjiang's culture". The Economist. 2 January 2021. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 14 January 2021.

39°29′26″N 76°01′23″E / 39.49056°N 76.02306°E / 39.49056; 76.02306

[fletcher-1] Fletcher, Joseph F. (1978), "Ch'ing Inner Asia", in Twitchett, Denis Crispin; Fairbank, John King (eds.), The Cambridge history of China, Volume 10, Part 1, Cambridge University Press, pp. 35–106, ISBN 0-521-21447-5, archived from the original on 2017-01-09, retrieved 2016-09-21, page 75.

[2] Display board at the site

[Thum2014-3] Rian Thum (13 October 2014). The Sacred Routes of Uyghur History. Harvard University Press. pp. 233–. ISBN 978-0-674-59855-3. Archived from the original on 9 January 2017. Retrieved 29 August 2016.

[Dillon2014-4] Michael Dillon (1 August 2014). Xinjiang and the Expansion of Chinese Communist Power: Kashgar in the Early Twentieth Century. Routledge. pp. 11–. ISBN 978-1-317-64721-8. Archived from the original on 9 January 2017. Retrieved 29 August 2016.

[nyti_Your-5] Buckley, Chris; Ramzy, Austin (September 25, 2020). "China Is Erasing Mosques and Precious Shrines in Xinjiang". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 14, 2021.

[6] Due to scanty and imprecise documentary evidence, the late career of Muhammad Yūsuf and the date of his death remain uncertain. According to Joseph Fletcher's research, Muhammad Yūsuf had worked among Hui and Salar people in present-day Gansu and Qinghai provinces in the mid-17th century, then returned to Altishahr and died there in 1653, poisoned by his rivals. On the other hand, the dean of Hui studies in China, Ma Tong, thought that Muhammad Yūsuf died in 1622, and all preaching in Qinghai and Gansu was done by his son Afāq Khoja. (Lipman, Jonathan Neaman (1998). Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China. Hong Kong University Press. p. 59. ISBN 962-209-468-6. Archived from the original on 2017-01-09. Retrieved 2016-09-21. Lipman's source is: Joseph Fletcher, "The Naqshbandiya in Northwest China", in Beatrcie Manz, ed. (1995). Studies on Chinese and Islamic Inner Asia. London: Variorum.)

[Witness-7] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f China. Eye Witness Travel Guides. pp. 512–513.

[econ_Chag-8] "China uses tourism to smother Xinjiang's culture". The Economist. 2 January 2021. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 14 January 2021.

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