# Aerographene

Aerographene or graphene aerogel is, as of April 2020, the least dense solid known, at 160 g/m3 (0.0100 lb/cu ft; 0.16 mg/cm3; 4.3 oz/cu yd), less than helium.[1] It is approximately 7.5 times less dense than air. Note that the cited density does not include the weight of the air incorporated in the structure: it does not float in air.[2] It was developed at Zhejiang University. The material reportedly can be produced at the scale of cubic meters.[3][4]

## Discovery

Aerographene was discovered at Zhejiang University by a team of scientists led by Gao Chao.[1] He and his team had already successfully created macroscopic materials made out of graphene. These materials were one-dimensional and two-dimensional. However, when synthesizing aerographene, the scientists instead created a three-dimensional structure. The synthesis was accomplished by the freeze-drying of carbon nanotube solutions[2] and large amounts of graphene oxide. Residual oxygen was then removed chemically.[citation needed]

## Fabrication

Graphene aerogels are synthetic materials that exhibit high porosity and low density. Typical synthesis of graphene aerogels involve reducing a precursor graphene oxide solution to form graphene hydrogel. The solvent can be subsequently removed from the pores by freeze-drying and replacing with air.[5] The resulting structure consists of a network of covalently bonded graphene sheets surrounding large pockets of air resulting in densities on orders of 3 mg cm−3.[6]

Graphene aerogels morphology have also been demonstrated to be controllable through 3D printing methods. Graphene oxide ink composed of graphene oxide gelled in a viscous solution with addition of silica to lower viscosity and enable printability of the graphene oxide ink. The ink is then extruded from a nozzle into isooctane that prevents the ink from drying too quickly. Subsequently the solvent can be removed by freeze drying while the silica can be removed with a hydrofluoric acid solution. The resulting 3D lattice can be highly ordered while maintaining the high surface areas and low densities characteristic of graphene aerogels.[6]

## Mechanical properties

Graphene aerogels exhibit enhanced mechanical properties as a result of their structure and morphology. Graphene aerogels have a Young’s modulus on order of 50 MPa.[7] They can be compressed elastically to strain values >50%.[6] The stiffness and compressibility of graphene aerogels can be in part attributed to the strong sp2 bonding of graphene and the π-π interaction between carbon sheets. In graphene aerogels, the π-π interaction can greatly enhance stiffness due to the highly curved and folded regions of graphene as observed through transmission electron microscopy images.[5]

The mechanical properties of graphene aerogel has been shown to depend on the microstructure and thus varies across studies. The role that microstructure plays in the mechanical properties depends on several factors. Computational simulations on graphene aerogels show graphene walls bend when a tensile or compressive stress is applied.[8][9] The resulting stress distribution from the bending of the graphene walls is isotropic and can contribute to the high yield stress observed. The density of the aerogel also can affect the properties observed significantly. The normalized Young’s modulus is shown computationally to follow a power law distribution governed by the following equation:

${\displaystyle {\frac {E}{E_{s}}}=\left({\frac {\rho }{\rho _{s}}}\right)^{m}}$

where E is the Young's modulus,

Similarly, the compressive strength that describes the yield stress before plastic deformation under compression in graphene aerogels follows a power law distribution.

${\displaystyle {\frac {\sigma _{y}}{E_{s}}}=\left({\frac {\rho }{\rho _{s}}}\right)^{n}}$

where σy is the compressive strength, ρ is the density of the graphene aerogel, Es is the modulus of graphene, ρs is the density of graphene, and n is the power law scaling factor that describes the system different from the exponent observed in the modulus. The power law dependence observed agrees with trends between density and modulus and compressive strength observed in experimental studies on graphene aerogels.[8]

The macroscopic geometric structure of the aerogel has been shown both computationally and experimentally to affect mechanical properties observed. 3D printed periodic hexagonal graphene aerogel structures exhibited an order of magnitude larger modulus compared to bulk graphene aerogels of the same density when is applied along the vertical axis. The dependence of stiffness on structure is commonly observed in other cellular structures.[7]

## Applications

Due to the high porosity and low density, graphene aerogel has been explored as a potential replacement in flight balloons.[8] The large degree of recoverable compressibility and overall stiffness of the structure has been utilized in studies in graphene sponges capable of both holding 1000x its weight in liquid while recovering all of the absorbed liquid without structural damage to the sponge due to the elasticity of the graphene structure. This has environmental implications potentially contributing to off shore oil cleanup.[10][11] It can also be used to gather dust from the tails of comets.[1]

## References

1. ^ a b c Guinness World Records 2018. Jim Pattison Group. p. 188. ISBN 9781910561713.
2. ^ a b Starr, Michelle (2013-03-25). "Graphene aerogel is the new world's lightest substance". Retrieved 2013-09-06.
3. ^ "Ultra-light Aerogel Produced at a Zhejiang University Lab-Press Releases-Zhejiang University". Zju.edu.cn. 2013-03-19. Archived from the original on 2013-05-23. Retrieved 2013-06-12.
4. ^ Mecklenburg, M.; Schuchardt, A.; Mishra, Y. K.; Kaps, S. R.; Adelung, R.; Lotnyk, A.; Kienle, L.; Schulte, K. (2012). "Aerographite: Ultra Lightweight, Flexible Nanowall, Carbon Microtube Material with Outstanding Mechanical Performance". Advanced Materials. 24 (26): 3486–3490. doi:10.1002/adma.201200491. PMID 22688858.
5. ^ a b Hu, Han; Zhao, Zongbin; Wan, Wubo; Gogotsi, Yury; Qiu, Jieshan (2013). "Ultralight and Highly Compressible Graphene Aerogels". Advanced Materials. 25 (15): 2219–2223. doi:10.1002/adma.201204530. ISSN 1521-4095.
6. ^ a b c Zhu, Cheng; Han, T. Yong-Jin; Duoss, Eric B.; Golobic, Alexandra M.; Kuntz, Joshua D.; Spadaccini, Christopher M.; Worsley, Marcus A. (2015-04-22). "Highly compressible 3D periodic graphene aerogel microlattices". Nature Communications. 6 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1038/ncomms7962. ISSN 2041-1723.
7. ^ a b Worsley, Marcus A.; Kucheyev, Sergei O.; Mason, Harris E.; Merrill, Matthew D.; Mayer, Brian P.; Lewicki, James; Valdez, Carlos A.; Suss, Matthew E.; Stadermann, Michael; Pauzauskie, Peter J.; Satcher, Joe H. (2012-07-25). "Mechanically robust 3D graphene macroassembly with high surface area". Chemical Communications. 48 (67): 8428–8430. doi:10.1039/C2CC33979J. ISSN 1364-548X.
8. ^ a b c Qin, Zhao; Jung, Gang Seob; Kang, Min Jeong; Buehler, Markus J. (2017-01-01). "The mechanics and design of a lightweight three-dimensional graphene assembly". Science Advances. 3 (1): e1601536. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1601536. ISSN 2375-2548.
9. ^ Lei, Jincheng; Liu, Zishun (2018-04-01). "The structural and mechanical properties of graphene aerogels based on Schwarz-surface-like graphene models". Carbon. 130: 741–748. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2018.01.061. ISSN 0008-6223.
10. ^ Wu, Yingpeng; Yi, Ningbo; Huang, Lu; Zhang, Tengfei; Fang, Shaoli; Chang, Huicong; Li, Na; Oh, Jiyoung; Lee, Jae Ah; Kozlov, Mikhail; Chipara, Alin C. (2015-01-20). "Three-dimensionally bonded spongy graphene material with super compressive elasticity and near-zero Poisson's ratio". Nature Communications. 6 (1): 1–9. doi:10.1038/ncomms7141. ISSN 2041-1723.
11. ^ Chen, Bo, et al. (2015). "Carbon‐Based Sorbents with Three‐Dimensional Architectures for Water Remediation." Small 11.27 (2015): 3319-3336.