Active was built in Chester in 1781. Initially, she traded with the Baltic and North America. From 1798 she made four complete voyages as a slave ship in the triangular trade in enslaved persons. A privateer captured her on 1 September 1805 during her fifth slave voyage, after she had embarked her slaves, and took her into the River Plate.
| History | |
|---|---|
 Great Britain | |
| Name | Active |
| Launched | 1781, Chester |
| Captured | 1 September 1805 |
| General characteristics | |
| Tons burthen | 200,[1] or 273, or 300[2] (bm) |
| Complement | |
| Armament | |
Career edit
Active first appeared in the 1781 volume of Lloyd's Register (LR).[1]
| Year | Master | Owner | Trade | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1781 | J.Powell | N.Ashton | Liverpool–Baltic | LR |
| 1783 | J.Powell | N.Ashton | London–Cork Liverpool–Philadelphia |
LR |
| 1790 | J.Powell M.Hill Hutchinson |
N.Ashton | Liverpool–Virginia | LR |
| 1791 | Hutchinson | N.Ashton | Liverpool–London Liverpool–Virginia |
LR |
| 1793 | Hutchinson R.Smith |
N.Ashton | Liverpool–Virginia | LR |
| 1794 | Smith | N.Ashton | Liverpool–Wyborg | LR |
| 1795 | Smith | N.Ashton | Liverpool–Ostend | LR |
| 1798 | R.Smith D.Hayward |
Powell & Co. | Liverpool–Baltic Liverpool–Africa |
LR |
1st slave voyage (1798–1799): Captain Daniel Hayward acquired a letter of marque on 25 June 1798.[2][a] He sailed Active from Liverpool on 15 August, bound for the Bight of Benin. She acquired her slaves at Calabar and at New Calabar. She arrived at St Vincent on 27 March 1799 with 426 slaves. (She apparently stopped at Demerara first.) She sailed from St Vincent on 4 May and arrived back at Liverpool on 28 June. She had left Liverpool with 43 crew members and she had suffered three crew deaths on her voyage.[3]
2nd slave voyage (1799–1800): Captain Hayward sailed from Liverpool on 26 August 1799. Active gathered slaves at Calabar.[4] Hayward died on 6 March 1800.[5] Captain Samuel Welsby replaced Hayward. Active, arrived at Demerara on 1 July 1800 with 377 slaves.[b] She sailed from Demerara on 29 July and arrived back at Liverpool on 13 September. She had left with 42 crew members and had suffered 15 crew deaths on her voyage.[4]
| Year | Master | Owner | Trade | Source & notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1801 | Haywood M. Mills |
G.Cafe & Co | Liverpool–Africa | LR; large repair 1802 |
3rd slave voyage (1801–1802): Captain Michael Mills acquired a letter of marque on 10 April 1801.[2] He sailed from Liverpool on 21 May 1801. She was well at Cape Benda (Cabinda; Angola), on 28 November.
Active arrived at the Bahamas on 26 May 1802 with 277 slaves. She sailed for Liverpool on 12 June and arrived there on 18 July. She had left Liverpool with 47 crew members and had suffered eight crew deaths on her voyage.[6]
4th slave voyage (1802–1804): Captain Mills sailed from Liverpool on 27 November 1802.[7] He sailed during the Peace of Amiens. Active, Mills, master, was reported to have arrived at Angola. From there she sailed to Barbados, and on to Trinidad. Captain Mills acquired a letter of marque on 19 July 1803.[2] She reportedly delivered her slaves to Tobago in August. She sailed for Liverpool on 3 December 1803.[7] A strong gale stranded Active, Mills, master, from Tobago for the Clyde, on 24 January 1804 at Brodick Bay, on the Isle of Arran. It was expected that if the weather continued to moderate, a considerable part of her cargo could be saved, if not the vessel herself.[8] another report stated that the Guineaman was a complete wreck and that only a few tons of elephant teeth, 47 puncheons of rum, and some wood would be saved.[9]
5th slave voyage (1805–loss): Active was saved and repaired as Captain Mills sailed her from Liverpool on 7 February 1805.[10] On 22 July she was at "Gaboon".
Fate edit
Active was among the seven vessels off the Congo River that had fallen prey to a privateer in late 1805.[c] The privateer was described as being of 22 guns and 350 men. Active's captor sent her to the River Plate.[11] A second report named the captors as L'Orient, of 14 guns, and Dromedario, of 22 guns. The captured vessels arrived in the River Plate before 12 November.[12]
Spanish records report that in June 1805, Viceroy Sobremonte, of Argentina, issued two letters of marque, one for Dolores (24 guns), Currand, master, and Berro y Errasquin, owner, and one for Dromedario (20 guns), Hippolito Mordel, master, and Canuerso y Masini, owner. The two sailed for the African coast, looking to capture enslaving ships. In three months of cruising Dolores captured three ships and one brig, carrying a total 600 enslaved people. Dromedario captured five ships, carrying a total of 500 enslaved people.[13]
In 1805, 30 British slave ships were lost. Thirteen were lost on the coast of Africa.[14] During the period 1793 to 1807, war, rather than maritime hazards or slave resistance, was the greatest cause of vessel losses among British slave vessels.[15]
Notes edit
Citations edit
- ^ a b c LR (1781), Seq.No.A446.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Letter of Marque, p.47 – Retrieved 25 July 2017" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 October 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2018.
- ^ Trans Atlantic Slave Trade Database – Active voyage #80023.
- ^ a b Trans Atlantic Slave Trade Database – Active voyage #80024.
- ^ Behrendt (1990), p. 1157.
- ^ Trans Atlantic Slave Trade Database – Active voyage #80025.
- ^ a b Trans Atlantic Slave Trade Database – Active voyage #80026.
- ^ "CONVOY TO THE BALTIC, &c.", 2 February 1804, Caledonian Mercury (Edinburgh, Scotland), issue: 12856.
- ^ "ABERDEEN-Feb. 1." 4 February 1804, Caledonian Mercury(Edinburgh, Scotland), Issue: 12857.
- ^ Trans Atlantic Slave Trade Database – Active voyage #80027.
- ^ "LIVERPOOL, DEC. 26". 28 December 1805, Lancaster Gazetter (Lancaster, England), Volume: 5, Issue: 237.
- ^ "The Marine List". Lloyd's List. No. 4294. 4 February 1806. hdl:2027/mdp.39015005721496.
- ^ Anon. (1864), p. 19.
- ^ Inikori (1996), p. 62.
- ^ Inikori (1996), p. 58.
References edit
- Anon. (1864). "History of the Argentine Republic: First English invasions, 1804–1806". River Plate Magazine. 2. Buenos Aires Typographical Society: 17–21.
- Behrendt, Stephen D. (1990). "The Captains in the British slave trade from 1785 to 1807" (PDF). Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire. 140.
- Inikori, Joseph (1996). "Measuring the unmeasured hazards of the Atlantic slave trade: Documents relating to the British trade". Revue française d'histoire d'outre-mer. 83 (312): 53–92. doi:10.3406/outre.1996.3457.