1,1'-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene

1,1-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene, commonly abbreviated dppf, is an organophosphorus compound commonly used as a ligand in homogeneous catalysis. It contains a ferrocene moiety in its backbone, and is related to other bridged diphosphines such as 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane (dppe).

1,1-Bis(diphenylphosphino)­ferrocene
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
(Ferrocene-1,1-diyl)bis(diphenylphosphane)
Other names
1,1-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene, 1,1-ferrocenediylbis(diphenylphosphine), Dppf, 1,1-ferrocenebis(diphenylphosphine), 1,1-bis(diphenylphosphanyl)ferrocene
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.167.773 Edit this at Wikidata
EC Number
  • 640-119-0
24075
UNII
  • InChI=1S/2C17H14P.Fe/c2*1-3-9-15(10-4-1)18(17-13-7-8-14-17)16-11-5-2-6-12-16;/h2*1-14H; checkY
    Key: HPXNTHKXCYMIJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
  • InChI=1/2C17H14P.Fe/c2*1-3-9-15(10-4-1)18(17- -13-7-8-14-17)16-11-5-2-6-12-16;/h2*1-14H;/q2*-1;+2
    Key: HPXNTHKXCYMIJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
  • InChI=1/2C17H14P.Fe/c2*1-3-9-15(10-4-1)18(17-13-7-8-14-17)16-11-5-2-6-12-16;/h2*1-14H;/rC34H28FeP2/c1-5-13-21(14-6-1)36(22-15-7-2-8-16-22)33-29-25-26-30(33)35(25,26,29,33)27-28(35)32(35)34(35,31(27)35)37(23-17-9-3-10-18-23)24-19-11-4-12-20-24/h1-20,25-32H
    Key: HPXNTHKXCYMIJL-KDKHWAOJAX
  • c1ccc(cc1)P(c2ccccc2)C34C5[Fe]3678912(C5C6C74)C3C8C9C1(C23)P(c1ccccc1)c1ccccc1
  • C1=CC=C(C=C1)P([C-]2C=CC=C2)C3=CC=CC=C3.C1=CC=C(C=C1)P([C-]2C=CC=C2)C3=CC=CC=C3.[Fe+2]
Properties
C34H28FeP2
Molar mass 554.391
Melting point 181 to 183 °C (358 to 361 °F; 454 to 456 K)
Hazards
Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH):
Main hazards
Toxic
GHS labelling:
GHS07: Exclamation markGHS08: Health hazard
Warning
H302, H312, H315, H319, H332
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Preparation

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This compound is commercially available. It may be prepared by treating dilithioferrocene with chlorodiphenylphosphine:[1]

Fe(C5H4Li)2 + 2 ClPPh2 → Fe(C5H4PPh2)2 + 2 LiCl

The dilithiation of ferrocene is easily achieved with n-butyllithium in the presence of TMEDA. Many related ligands can be made in this way. The Fe center is typically not involved in the behavior of the ligand.

Reactions

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Dppf readily forms metal complexes.[2] The palladium derivative, (dppf)PdCl2, which is popular for palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions, is prepared by treating dppf with the acetonitrile or benzonitrile adducts of palladium dichloride:[2] Substitution of the phenyl substituents in dppf leads to derivatives with modified donor-acceptor properties at the phosphorus atoms.[3]

dppf + PdCl2(RCN)2 → (dppf)PdCl2 + 2 RCN (RCN = acetonitrile or benzonitrile)
 
Structure of the complex PtCl2(dppf)

Another example of dppf in homogeneous catalysis is provided by the air- and moisture-stable Ni(II) precatalyst [(dppf)Ni(cinnamyl)Cl. It promotes Suzuki-Miyuara cross-coupling of heteroaryl boronic acids with nitrogen- and sulfur-containing heteroaryl halides.[4]

 
Synthesis of [(dppf)Ni(cinnamyl)Cl)]

Another dppf-based catalyst is (dppf)Ni(o-tolyl)Cl, can be prepared from ligand exchange with (PPh3)2Ni(o-tolyl)Cl. It promotes the amination of aryl chlorides, sulfamates, mesylates, and triflates.[5]

 
Synthesis of (dppf)Ni(o-tolyl)Cl

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Ian R. Butler (2010). "3.15 The Use of Organolithium Reagents in the Preparation of Ferrocene Derivatives" (Google Books excerpt). In J. Derek Woollins (ed.). Inorganic Experiments. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 175–179. ISBN 978-3-527-32472-9.
  2. ^ a b Nataro, Chip; Fosbenner, Stephanie M. (2009). "Synthesis and Characterization of Transition-Metal Complexes Containing 1,1-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene". J. Chem. Educ. 86 (12): 1412. Bibcode:2009JChEd..86.1412N. doi:10.1021/ed086p1412.
  3. ^ Dey, Subhayan; Pietschnig, Rudolf (2021). "Chemistry of sterically demanding dppf-analogs". Coord. Chem. Rev. 437: 213850. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2021.213850.
  4. ^ Ge, Shaozhong; Hartwig, John F. (2012-12-14). "Highly Reactive, Single-Component Nickel Catalyst Precursor for Suzuki–Miyuara Cross-Coupling of Heteroaryl Boronic Acids with Heteroaryl Halides". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 51 (51): 12837–12841. doi:10.1002/anie.201207428. PMC 3613336. PMID 23136047.
  5. ^ Park, Nathaniel H.; Teverovskiy, Georgiy; Buchwald, Stephen L. (2014-01-03). "Development of an Air-Stable Nickel Precatalyst for the Amination of Aryl Chlorides, Sulfamates, Mesylates, and Triflates". Organic Letters. 16 (1): 220–223. doi:10.1021/ol403209k. PMC 3926134. PMID 24283652.