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Restored revision 1212324960 by An Asphalt (talk): Massive overhauling you are pointing did not change meaning or context, it was to reduce the article size as it is pointed out in the improvement tag and your additions do not help with that effort. The article size is over 15,000 words compared to 10,000 for India. If we add this, we will have to cut from somewhere else.
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Reverted 1 edit by SheriffIsInTown (talk): "massive overhauling" is okay but adding sourced content is wrong? That made no sense.
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[[File:Clock Tower Faisalabad by Usman Nadeem.jpg|thumb|[[Clock Tower, Faisalabad]], built by the British government in the 19th century]]
 
The [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] gained momentum in the 1930s due to concerns about British neglect of [[Indian Muslims]] in [[Indian politics|politics]]. In his December 29, 1930 address, [[Muhammad Iqbal|Allama Iqbal]] advocated for the amalgamation of Muslim-majority states in [[Northwest India (pre-1947)|North-West]] India, including [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–55)|North-West Frontier Province]], [[Sind Province (1936–55)|Sind]], and [[Baluchistan (Chief Commissioner's Province)|Baluchistan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/txt_iqbal_1930.html |title=Sir Muhammad Iqbal's 1930 Presidential Address |website=Speeches, Writings, and Statements of Iqbal|access-date=19 December 2006}}</ref> The perception of Congress-led British [[1937 Indian provincial elections|provincial governments]] neglecting Muslim interestsLeague from 1937 to 1939 prompted [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], the founder of Pakistan, to advocate the two-nation theory.<ref name="Blood 1996 p. ">{{cite book | last=Blood | first=P.R. | title=Pakistan: A Country Study | publisher=DIANE Publishing Company | year=1996 | isbn=978-0-7881-3631-3 | url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=DRMTO7mn7hIC | quote=The conduct of Congress governments in the Muslim-minority provinces premanently alienated the Muslim League. | page=29}}</ref> This led to the adoption of the [[Lahore Resolution]] of 1940, presented by [[Sher-e-Bangla]] [[A.K. Fazlul Haque]], also known as the Pakistan Resolution.<ref name="congress" /><ref>{{cite Duringweb|url=https://www.politact.com/global-security-studies/understanding-jinnahs-position-on-world-war-i-and-ii-lessons-to-be-learned.html |title=Understanding Jinnah's Position on [[World War I and II Lessons to be learned |date=5 January 2009|publisher=Politact |location=United Kingdom |access-date=3 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203020939/https://www.politact.com/global-security-studies/understanding-jinnahs-position-on-world-war-i-and-ii-lessons-to-be-learned.html |archive-date=3 February 2015}}</ref> In 1939, the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]], Jinnahtogether with the [[Hindu Mahasabha]] and the other non-Congress parties formed alliance governments in many states after the mass resignations from the [[BritishIndian National Congress]] due to their oppositition towards inclusion of India in the [[World War 2]] without prior consultation.<ref name="Ghose 1991">{{cite book education| last=Ghose | first=S. | title=Mahatma Gandhi | publisher=Allied Publishers Limited | year=1991 | isbn=978-81-7023-205-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5l0BPnxN1h8C&pg=PA278| pages=277-278}}</ref><ref name="Devji 2013">{{cite book | last=Devji | first=F. | title=Muslim Zion: Pakistan as a Political Idea | publisher=Hurst | year=2013 | isbn=978-1-84904-276-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kTNeAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA176 |page=176}}</ref> By 1942, Congress under Gandhi's leadership launched the [[Quit India Movement]] to demand immediate independence from the British rule. The movement was opposed by Jinnah.<ref name="Ghose 1980 p. ">{{cite book | last=Ghose | first=S. | title=Leaders of Modern India | publisher=Allied | year=1980 | isbn=978-educated0-940500-31-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zOK1AAAAIAAJ | page=236}}</ref> During [[World War II]], Jinnah and other leaders in the Muslim League supported the [[United Kingdom in World War II|UK's war efforts]], aligningthus withadvancing Sirthe Syed's visionpossibility of the creation of a Muslim nation.<ref name="Tucker 2020 p. 1567">{{cite book | last=Tucker | first=S.C. | title=The Cold War [5 volumes]: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection [Two-nation5 theory]volumes] | publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing | year=2020 | isbn=979-8-216-06249-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZX3EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT1567 | authorlink=Spencer C. Tucker| page=1567}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.politact.com/global-security-studies/understanding-jinnahs-position-on-world-war-i-and-ii-lessons-to-be-learned.html |title=Understanding Jinnah's Position on World War I and II Lessons to be learned |date=5 January 2009|publisher=Politact |location=United Kingdom |access-date=3 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203020939/https://www.politact.com/global-security-studies/understanding-jinnahs-position-on-world-war-i-and-ii-lessons-to-be-learned.html |archive-date=3 February 2015}}</ref>
 
==== Pakistan Movement ====
{{main|Pakistan Movement}}
{{further|History of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan|Indian independence movement|Partition of India}}
The [[1946 Indian provincial elections|1946 elections]] saw the Muslim League secure 90 percent of the Muslim seats, making it a de facto plebiscite for the creation of Pakistan, supported by the landowners of Sindh and Punjab. This forced the Indian National Congress, initially skeptical of the League's representation of Indian Muslims, to acknowledge its significance.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OTMy0B9OZjAC&pg=PA68 |title=Pakistan: A Global Studies Handbook |last=Mohiuddin |first=Yasmin Niaz |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-85109-801-9|page=70 |quote=In the elections of 1946, the Muslim League won 90 percent of the legislative seats reserved for Muslims. It was the power of the big zamindars in Punjab and Sindh behind the Muslim League candidates that led to this massive landslide victory (Alavi 2002, 14). Even Congress, which had always denied the League's claim to be the only true representative of Indian Muslims had to concede the truth of that claim. The 1946 election was, in effect, a plebiscite among Muslims on Pakistan.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Sajjad | first=M. | title=Muslim Politics in Bihar: Changing Contours | publisher=Routledge | year=2014 | isbn=978-1-317-55981-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qiRHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT221| page=221}}</ref> Jinnah's emergence as the voice of the Indian Muslims compelled the British to consider his stance, despite their [[Opposition to the partition of India|reluctance to partition India]]. In a final attempt to prevent partition, they proposed the [[Cabinet Mission Plan]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OTMy0B9OZjAC&pg=PA68 |title=Pakistan: A Global Studies Handbook |last=Mohiuddin |first=Yasmin Niaz |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-85109-801-9|page=71 |quote=Despite the League's victory in the elections, the British did not want the partition of British India. As a last attempt to avoid it, Britain put forward the Cabinet Mission Plan, according to which India would become a federation of three large, self-governing provinces and the central government would be limited to power over foreign policy and defense, implying a weak center.}}</ref>
 
As the Cabinet Mission failed, the British announced their intention to end rule in 1946–47.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.academia.edu/2146058 |title=Jinnah and cabinet Mission Plan 1946 |via=Academia.edu |last=Akram |first=Wasim |access-date=3 February 2015}}</ref> [[Indian nationalism|Nationalists]] in British India—including [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and [[Abul Kalam Azad]] of Congress, Jinnah of the [[All-India Muslim League]], and [[Master Tara Singh]] representing the Sikhs—agreed to the proposed terms of transfer of power and independence in June 1947 with the [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy of India]], [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Mountbatten of Burma]].<ref name="jinnah">{{cite book |author=Stanley Wolpert |title=Jinnah of Pakistan |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-19-577462-7 |pages=306–332}}</ref> As the United Kingdom agreed to the [[Partition of India|partitioning of India]] in 1947, the modern state of Pakistan was established on [[Fourteenth of August|14 August 1947]] {{small|(27th of [[Ramadan]] in 1366 of the [[Islamic Calendar]])}}, amalgamating the [[Islam in India|Muslim-majority]] eastern and [[Northwest India (pre-1947)|northwestern regions]] of [[British India]].<ref name="Brookings Institution Press"/> It comprised the provinces of [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]], [[East Bengal]], the [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)|North-West Frontier Province]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|West Punjab]], and Sindh.<ref name="congress"/><ref name="jinnah"/>
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[[File:Musharaff and Bush in Islamabad (cropped).jpg|left|thumb|President [[George W. Bush]] meets with President [[Pervez Musharraf|Musharraf]] in [[Islamabad]] during his 2006 visit to Pakistan.]]
Military tension between the two countries in the [[Kargil district]] led to the [[Kargil War]] of 1999, and turmoil in [[Civil-military relations|civic-military relations]] allowed General [[Pervez Musharraf]] to take over through a [[1999 Pakistani coup d'état|bloodless coup d'état]].<ref name="kargil">{{cite news |title=India launches Kashmir air attack |date=26 May 1999 |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/352995.stm|access-date=5 August 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/472968.stm |title=Pakistan after the coup: Special report |date=12 October 2000|access-date=17 March 2009 |work=BBC News}}</ref> Musharraf governed Pakistan as [[head of government|chief executive]] from 1999 to 2001 and as President from 2001 to 2008—a period of [[Enlightened moderation|enlightenment]], social [[Liberal islam|liberalism]], extensive [[Economic reforms in Pakistan|economic reforms]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:20643510~menuPK:158937~pagePK:146736~piPK:146830~theSitePK:223547,00.html |title=Pakistan Among Top 10 Reformers |publisher=World Bank |date=12 September 2005 |access-date=19 November 2016 |archive-date=7 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307071216/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:20643510~menuPK:158937~pagePK:146736~piPK:146830~theSitePK:223547,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[Pakistan's role in the War on Terror|direct involvement in the US-led war on terrorism]]. By its own financial calculations, Pakistan's [[Pakistan's role in the War on Terror|involvement in the war on terrorism]] has cost up to $118&nbsp;billion,<ref>{{cite news |title='War on terror' has cost Pakistan $118bn: SBP |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1297305 |access-date=3 April 2017 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |agency=[[Agence France Presse]] |date=19 November 2016}}</ref> [[List of terrorist incidents in Pakistan since 2001|sixty thousand casualties]] and more than 1.8&nbsp;million displaced civilians.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan IDP Figures Analysis |url=http://www.internal-displacement.org/south-and-south-east-asia/pakistan/figures-analysis |access-date=3 April 2017 |work=Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404045647/http://www.internal-displacement.org/south-and-south-east-asia/pakistan/figures-analysis |archive-date=4 April 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
The [[National Assembly (Pakistan)|National Assembly]] historically completed its first full five-year term on 15 November 2007.<ref>{{cite web |title=Performance of 12th NationalAssembly of Pakistan- |url=http://www.pildat.org/Publications/publication/Democracy%26LegStr/5Yearsof12thNationalAssemblyofPakistan-CitizensReport.pdf |website=Pakistan Institute of Legislative Development and Transperency |page=5|access-date=23 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112104310/http://www.pildat.org/Publications/publication/Democracy%26LegStr/5Yearsof12thNationalAssemblyofPakistan-CitizensReport.pdf |archive-date=12 January 2012 }}</ref> After the [[assassination of Benazir Bhutto]] in 2007, the PPP secured the [[Majority|most votes]] in the [[2008 Pakistani general election|elections]] of 2008, appointing party member [[Yousaf Raza Gillani]] as Prime Minister.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7312116.stm |title=New Pakistan PM Gillani sworn in |date=25 March 2008|access-date=17 March 2009 |work=BBC News}}</ref> Threatened with [[Movement to impeach Pervez Musharraf|impeachment]], President Musharraf resigned on 18 August 2008, and was succeeded by [[Asif Ali Zardari]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5i9dz2ZxX6MRv5ZOKT4cx4-1O_qTQ |title=Zardari wins Pakistan presidential election: officials |date=5 September 2008 |agency=AFP|access-date=17 March 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707123120/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5i9dz2ZxX6MRv5ZOKT4cx4-1O_qTQ |archive-date=7 July 2009}}<br />- {{Cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/08/18/musharraf.address/ |date=19 August 2008 |access-date=19 January 2010 |title=Musharraf Exits, but Uncertainty Remains |newspaper=The Washington Post |author=Candace Rondeaux}}<br />- {{cite news |agency=Associated Press |url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,405221,00.html |title=Pakistani President Musharraf Resigns Amid Impeachment Threats |website=Fox News |date=18 August 2008 |access-date=18 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820093124/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,405221,00.html |archive-date=20 August 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Clashes with the [[Judiciary of Pakistan|judicature]] prompted [[Yousaf Raza Gillani|Gillani]]'s disqualification from the [[Parliament of Pakistan|Parliament]] and as the [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] in June 2012.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/article-55039-Gilani-disqualified-as-PM:-SC-- |title=Gilani disqualified as PM: SC |newspaper=Daily The News International.com|access-date=19 June 2012}}</ref> The [[2013 Pakistani general election|general election]] held in 2013 saw the PML (N) almost achieve a [[supermajority]], following which [[Nawaz Sharif]] was elected as the Prime Minister for the third time.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-06-05/an-pervaz-sharif-officially-endorsed-as-pakistan27s-prime-mini/4735828 |title=Nawaz Sharif sworn in as Pakistani PM |work=ABC |date=5 June 2013|access-date=6 June 2013}}</ref> In 2018, [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf|PTI]] won the [[2018 Pakistan general election|general election]] and [[Imran Khan]] became the 22nd Prime Minister.<ref>{{cite news |title=Imran Khan won Pakistan general election, 2018 and became the 22nd Prime Minister of Pakistan |url=https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/headline/leader-of-the-house-national-assembly-to-elect-new-prime-minister-of-pakistan-today/ |access-date=22 August 2018 |work=[[Daily Pakistan]]}}</ref> In April 2022, [[Shehbaz Sharif]] was elected as prime minister, after Imran Khan lost a no-confidence vote.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan: Shehbaz Sharif chosen as PM after week-long uncertainty |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-61063386 |publisher=BBC News |date=11 April 2022}}</ref> During [[2024 Pakistani general election|2024 general election]], PTI-backed independents became the largest bloc,<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan’s PTI-linked independents lead in final election count |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/2/11/pakistan-election-results-put-imran-khans-independents-in-lead |work=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> but Shehbaz Sharif was elected prime minister for a second term, as a result of a coalition between PML (N) and PPPP.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hussain |first1=Abid |title=Shehbaz Sharif elected Pakistan PM for second term after controversial vote |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/3/shehbaz-sharif-set-to-become-pakistans-new-pm-after-controversial-election |work=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>
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{{Main|Kashmir conflict}}
[[File:Kashmir map.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|The areas shown in green are the Pakistani-controlled areas.]]
[[Kashmir]], a [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] region situated at the northernmost point of the [[Indian subcontinent]], was governed as an autonomous [[princely state]] known as [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] in the [[British Raj]] prior to the [[Partition of India]] in August 1947. Following the independence of India and Pakistan post-partition, the region became the subject of a [[Kashmir conflict|major territorial dispute]] that has hindered [[India–Pakistan relations|their bilateral relations]]. The two states have engaged each other in [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts|two large-scale wars]] over the region in [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948|1947–1948]] and [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|1965]]. India and Pakistan have also fought smaller-scale protracted conflicts over the region in [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|1971]], [[Siachen conflict|1984]] and [[Kargil War|1999]].<ref name="k1"/> Approximately 45.1% of the Kashmir region is controlled by India (administratively split into [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Ladakh]]), which also claims the entire territory of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir that is not under its control.<ref name="k1"/> India's control over Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh as well as its claim to the rest of the region has likewise been contested by Pakistan, which controls approximately 38.2% of the region (administratively split into [[Azad Kashmir|Azad Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Gilgit-Baltistan|Gilgit−Baltistan]]) and claims all of the territory under Indian control.<ref name="k1"/><ref>{{cite book |author=Sean Anderson |title=Historical dictionary of terrorism |year=2009 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-4101-7 |pages=347–348}}</ref> Additionally, approximately 20% of the region known as [[Aksai Chin]] and the [[Trans-Karakoram Tract|Shaksgam Valley]] (since [[Sino-Pakistan Agreement|Sino-Pakistani Agreement of 1963]]) has been controlled by [[China]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Chinese-controlled Kashmir|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2003/4/21/chinese-controlled-kashmir|access-date=2021-09-07|website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref> The Chinese-controlled areas of Kashmir remain subject to an Indian territorial claim, but are not claimed by Pakistan.
[[File:Neelum Valley, Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Pakistan.jpg|left|thumb|[[Neelum District|Neelum Valley]] in [[Azad Kashmir]] is part of Pakistani-controlled Kashmir.]]
India claims the entire Kashmir region on the basis of the [[Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)|Instrument of Accession]]—a legal agreement with the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir that was executed by [[Maharaja Hari Singh|Hari Singh]], the [[maharaja]] of the state, who agreed to cede the entire area to newly-independent India.<ref name="Commons">{{cite web |author=Paul Bowers |title=Kashmir (House of Commons Research Paper 04/28) |date=30 March 2004 |page=46 |publisher=House of Commons Library |url=http://www.parliament.uk/documents/commons/lib/research/rp2004/rp04-028.pdf |access-date=18 April 2012}}</ref> Pakistan claims most of Kashmir on the basis of its [[Muslims|Muslim]]-majority population and of its geography, the same principles that were applied for the creation of the two independent states.<ref>{{cite book |author=Amita Shastri |title=The Post-Colonial States of South Asia: Democracy, Development and Identity |year=2001 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-312-23852-0 |page=289 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=du7xvBFpbg4C&pg=PA289}}<br />- {{cite book |author=Joseph J. Hobbs |title=World Regional Geography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yAgGHnENHjoC|year=2008 |publisher=Brooks Cole |isbn=978-0-495-38950-7 |page=314}}</ref> India referred the dispute to the [[United Nations]] on 1 January 1948.<ref>{{cite news |author=Auckland |title=A brief history of the Kashmir conflict |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1399992/A-brief-history-of-the-Kashmir-conflict.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1399992/A-brief-history-of-the-Kashmir-conflict.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |work=The Daily Telegraph |access-date=23 January 2012 |date=24 September 2001 |location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In a [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 38|resolution]] passed in 1948, the UN's [[United Nations General Assembly|General Assembly]] asked Pakistan to remove most of its military troops to set the conditions for the holding of a [[UN mediation of the Kashmir dispute|plebiscite]]. However, Pakistan failed to vacate the region and a [[Karachi Agreement|ceasefire]] was reached in 1949 establishing a ceasefire line known as the [[Line of Control]] (LoC) that divided Kashmir between the two states as a ''[[de facto]]'' border.<ref name="kash">{{cite web |author=International Court of Justice |year=2012 |title=Advisory Opinion on the Legal Status of Kashmir |url=http://imuna.org/nhsmun/committee/international-court-justice-2012 |archive-date=11 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011211119/http://imuna.org/nhsmun/committee/international-court-justice-2012 |publisher=[[IMUNA]]|access-date=23 January 2012}}</ref> India, fearful that the Muslim-majority populace of Kashmir would vote to secede from India, did not allow a plebiscite to take place in the region. This was confirmed in a statement by India's Defense Minister, [[V. K. Krishna Menon|Krishna Menon]], who stated: "Kashmir would vote to join Pakistan and no Indian Government responsible for agreeing to plebiscite would survive."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1144&dat=19650908&id=9wwvAAAAIBAJ&pg=7266,2323319&hl=en |title=Kashmir Old Headache For U.N. |last=Endrst |first=Jeff |date=8 September 1965 |work=The Pittsburgh Press |quote=Former Indian Defense Minister Krishna Menon who for years influenced the decisions of late Prime Minister Nehru himself a Kashmiri-put it bluntly last March in an interview with an American newsman when he said India could never agree to a U.N. sponsored plebiscite because 'Kashmir would vote to join Pakistan, and no Indian government responsible for agreeing to the plebiscite could survive.'|access-date=15 January 2017}}</ref>
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=== Military history ===
{{Main|Military history of Pakistan}}
Since 1947, Pakistan has been involved in [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts|four]] [[Conventional warfare|conventional wars]] with India. The first [[Indo-Pak war of 1947]] occurred in Kashmir with Pakistan gaining control of [[Western Kashmir]], (Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan), and India retaining [[Eastern Kashmir]] (Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh). Territorial problems eventually led to [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|another conventional war]] in 1965. The [[Bangladesh Liberation War|1971 war]] resulted in Pakistan's [[Pakistani Instrument of Surrender|unconditional surrender]] of East Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web |title=War History |url=http://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent.aspx?pId=47&rnd=443 |website=Pakistan Army |access-date=24 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111225060835/http://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent.aspx?pId=47&rnd=443 |archive-date=25 December 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tensions in Kargil brought the two countries at another [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1999|brink of war]].<ref name="kargil" /> Since 1947 the unresolved [[Durand Line|territorial problems]] with [[Afghanistan]] saw [[Afghanistan–Pakistan skirmishes|border skirmishes]] which were kept mostly at the [[Afghanistan Pakistan border|mountainous border]]. In 1961, the military and [[Pakistani intelligence community|intelligence community]] repelled the [[Military history of Pakistan#Pakistan-Afghanistan border clash of 1961|Afghan incursion]] in the [[Bajaur Agency]] near the [[Durand Line]] border.<ref>{{cite web |title=Daoud as Prime Minister, 1953–63 |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+af0025) |year=1997|access-date=6 November 2013}}<br />- {{cite book |author=Ian Talbot |title=The Armed Forces of Pakistan |year=1999 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0-312-21606-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/pakistanmodernhi00talb/page/99 99] |url=https://archive.org/details/pakistanmodernhi00talb/page/99 }}</ref>
 
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== Economy ==
{{update|section|date=April 2020}}
{{main|Economy of Pakistan|Economic history of Pakistan}}
{{see also|Pakistan and the International Monetary Fund}}
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"