Externalization is a term used in psychoanalytic theory which describes the tendency to project one's internal states onto the outside world. It is generally regarded as an unconscious defense mechanism, thus the person is unaware they are doing it. Externalization takes on a different meaning in narrative therapy, where the client is encouraged to externalize a problem in order to gain a new perspective on it.
Psychoanalysis
editIn Freudian psychology, externalization (or externalisation) is a defense mechanism by which an individual projects their own internal characteristics onto the outside world, particularly onto other people.[1] For example, a patient who is overly argumentative might instead perceive others as argumentative and themselves as blameless.
Like other defense mechanisms, externalization can be a protection against anxiety and is, therefore, part of a healthy, normally functioning mind. However, if taken to excess, it can lead to the development of a neurosis.
Narrative therapy
editMichael White states that the problem of the client is externalized, to alter the client's point of view.[2]
Neuroscience of externalization
editProblems with self-regulation, including impulsivity, violence, sensation-seeking, and rule-breaking, are indicative of an externalizing risk pathway.[3] A discrepancy exists between bottom-up reward-related circuitry, such as the ventral striatum, and top-down inhibitory control circuitry, which is located in the prefrontal cortex, linking externalizing behaviors.[4] Externalization is often related to substance use disorders. In particular, alcohol use disorder is one of disorders that much externalization research has been dedicated to. Often, issues within the externalizing risk pathway, namely vulnerabilities in self-regulation, may impact the development of alcohol use disorder differently across stages of the addiction cycle.[5] Likewise, marijuana use has been linked to an externalizing pathway that highlights aggressive and delinquent behavior.[6] Another type of disorder that is linked to the externalizing pathway is Antisocial Personality Disorder due to its tendency to relate by lack of constraint.[7] Much research has examined the similarities of antisocial personality disorder and substance use disorder in relation to externalizing behaviors.[8][9][10]
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ Sandler, Joseph (1988). Projection, identification, projective identification. Karnac Books. ISBN 0-946439-40-0.
- ^ Gladding, Samuel (2018). Family Therapy: History, Theory, and Practice (7 ed.). Pearson. p. 347.
In externalization, the problem is the problem. As such, it becomes objective and can be addressed in unique ways (White, 1991). Externalization separates the person from the problem and permits the problem to be viewed from a variety of perspectives and contexts.
- ^ Zucker, Robert A.; Heitzeg, Mary M.; Nigg, Joel T. (2011). "Parsing the Undercontrol-Disinhibition Pathway to Substance Use Disorders: A Multilevel Developmental Problem: Undercontrol-Disinhibition Pathway to SUD". Child Development Perspectives. 5 (4): 248–255. doi:10.1111/j.1750-8606.2011.00172.x. PMC 3221325. PMID 22116786.
- ^ Nigg, Joel T. (2000). "On inhibition/disinhibition in developmental psychopathology: Views from cognitive and personality psychology and a working inhibition taxonomy". Psychological Bulletin. 126 (2): 220–246. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.126.2.220. ISSN 1939-1455. PMID 10748641.
- ^ Hardee, Jillian E.; Cope, Lora M.; Martz, Meghan E.; Heitzeg, Mary M. (2018). "Review of Neurobiological Influences on Externalizing and Internalizing Pathways to Alcohol Use Disorder". Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports. 5 (4): 249–262. doi:10.1007/s40473-018-0166-5. ISSN 2196-2979. PMC 6876851. PMID 31768306.
- ^ Wasserman, Alexander M.; Shaw-Meadow, K. J.; Moon, T. J.; Karns-Wright, T. E.; Mathias, C. W.; Hill-Kapturczak, N.; Dougherty, D. M. (2021). "The externalizing and internalizing pathways to marijuana use initiation: Examining the synergistic effects of impulsiveness and sensation seeking". Developmental Psychology. 57 (12): 2250–2264. doi:10.1037/dev0001267. ISSN 1939-0599. PMC 9815474. PMID 34928672.
- ^ Krueger, Robert F; McGue, Matt; Iacono, William G (2001). "The higher-order structure of common DSM mental disorders: internalization, externalization, and their connections to personality". Personality and Individual Differences. 30 (7): 1245–1259. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00106-9.
- ^ Ruiz, Mark A.; Pincus, Aaron L.; Schinka, John A. (2008). "Externalizing Pathology and the Five-Factor Model: A Meta-Analysis of Personality Traits Associated with Antisocial Personality Disorder, Substance Use Disorder, and Their Co-Occurrence". Journal of Personality Disorders. 22 (4): 365–388. doi:10.1521/pedi.2008.22.4.365. ISSN 0885-579X. PMID 18684050.
- ^ Krueger, Robert F.; Hicks, Brian M.; Patrick, Christopher J.; Carlson, Scott R.; Iacono, William G.; McGue, Matt (2009), "Etiologic connections among substance dependence, antisocial behavior, and personality: Modeling the externalizing spectrum.", Addictive behaviors: New readings on etiology, prevention, and treatment., Washington: American Psychological Association, pp. 59–88, doi:10.1037/11855-003, ISBN 978-1-4338-0402-1, retrieved 2023-11-16
- ^ Krueger, Robert F.; Markon, Kristian E.; Patrick, Christopher J.; Benning, Stephen D.; Kramer, Mark D. (2007). "Linking antisocial behavior, substance use, and personality: An integrative quantitative model of the adult externalizing spectrum". Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 116 (4): 645–666. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.116.4.645. ISSN 1939-1846. PMC 2242625. PMID 18020714.
References
edit- Bateson, Gregory (2002) [1978]. Mind and Nature. Cresskill: Hampton Press. ISBN 0-553-13724-7.
- Bergson, Henri (1998) [1911]. Creative Evolution. Arthur Mitchell, trans. NY: Dover. ISBN 0-8191-3553-4.
- Kuchka, H.E (2001). "Method for Theory: A Prelude to Human Ecosystems". Journal of Ecological Anthropology. 5.
- Gumperz, John J.; Levinson, Stephen C. (December 1991). "Rethinking Linguistic Relativity" (PDF). Current Anthropology. 32 (5): 613–623. doi:10.1086/204009.
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