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'Swadesh list for Kurdish'


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This is Swadesh list of 207 words in English and Kurdish.


The Swadesh list, developed by the linguist Swadesh, is used as a tool to study the evolution of languages. It contains a set of basic words which can be found in every language to varying degrees. Various versions have been created, in particular:

● a complete 207 words version, in which some of the words are not found in every environment (it contains for instance snake and snow).

● a reduced 100 words version.


Some versions are more reliable than others in terms of the universality of concurrence between the words' meanings.

This word list should not be considered as an elementary lexicon to communicate with speakers of a given language; for such a purpose, the numerous existing Wikitravel lexicons are more useful. Its only objective is to give a rough idea of the language, by showing its lexical and, when possible, phonetic basis. It considers one of the lists of vocabulary with universal test meanings/concepts developed by Morris Swadesh in the 1950-70s. Because translations of the Swadesh list into a set of languages allow researchers to quantify the interrelatedness of those languages.

List

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For further information, read the article: Swadesh list

The Swadesh word list, developed by the linguist Morris Swadesh, is used as a tool to study the evolution of languages. It contains a set of basic words which can be found in every language. Various versions have been created, in particular:

  • a complete 207 words version, in which some of the words are not found in every environment (it contains for instance snake and snow)
  • a reduced 100 words version.

This word list should not be considered as an elementary lexicon to communicate with speakers of a given language; for such a purpose, the numerous existing Wikivoyage lexicons are more useful. Its only objective is to give a rough idea of the language, by showing its lexical and, when possible, phonetics basis.

No. English Kurdish IPA
pronunciation
1 I

(me)

ez (subject, continue & future),

mi, min (object, past)

/az/,

/mə, mən/

2 you (singular) tu /ṭɜ/
3 he ew /aw/
4 we em /am/
5 you (plural) wun, hûn /wɜn, huːn/
6 they ewna, ew /awˈnɑː, aw/
7 this ev /av/
8 that ew /aw/
9 here vir /vəɹ/
10 there wir /wəɹ/
11 who /kiː/
12 what çi /tʃə/
13 where kur, ku va /kɜɹ, kɜ vɑː/
14 when dema, ga va, kîn ga, ku va /damɑː, gɑː vɑː, kiːŋ gɑː/
15 how ço(w), çito, çawa /tʃɔʷ, tʃəṭɔ, tʃɑːwɑː/
16 not na /nɑː/
17 all gî, giştî, tev, hemû /giː, gəʃṭi, tav, hamuː/
18 many pir /pər/
19 some hin /hən/
20 few çend, kêm /tʃand, ḳɪm/
21 other din, dî /dən, diː/
22 one yek /jaḳ/
23 two du, didu /dɜ, dədɜ/
24 three sê, sisê /sɪ, səsɪ/
25 four çar /tʃɑːr/
26 five pênc /pɪnʤ/
27 big mez, mezin /maz, mazən/
28 long dirêj /dərɪʒ/
29 wide fereh, pehn /farah, pahn/
30 thick stûr, qaling /stuːr, qɑːləŋg/
31 heavy giran /gərɑːn/
32 small çûk, çûçik /ˈt͡ʃuːḳ, t͡ʃuːḳt͡ʃəḳ/
33 short kin, kurt /ˈḳən, ḳɜrṭ/
34 narrow nar, zirav, tîr, teng [nɑːr, zərɑːv, ṭiːr, ṭaŋ]
35 thin tenik /ṭaˈnəḳ/
36 woman jin /ˈʒən/
37 man (as male),man (as human) peya, mêr, merov, camêr /pajɑː, mɪr/, /marɔv, ʤɑːmɪɹ/
38 person perez, kes /paraz, kas/
39 child zar, zîç, qiçik, mendal /zɑːr, ziːt͡ʃ, ϙət͡ʃəḳ, manˈdɑːl/
40 wife kebanî, jin, pîrek /ḳabɑːniː, ˈʒən, ṗiːraḳ/
41 husband mêr /mɪr/
42 mother anê, dayê, dayîk, dêk, dêy, yadê /ˈɑːnɪ, dɑːjɪ, dɑːjiːḳ, dɪḳ, dɪj, jɑːdɪ/
43 father bav /bɑːv/
44 animal cinawir, dewar, heywan, ajal, hovî /ʤənɑːwər, dawɑːr, hajˈwɑːn, ɑːʒɑːl, ˈhɔviː/
45 fish masî /mɑːsiː/
46 bird çûk, balinde, firende /t͡ʃuːḳ , bɑːlənda, fəranda/
47 dog kutû, kûçik, seg /kɜtuː, ḳuːˈt͡ʃəḳ, sag/
48 louse kêç, sipi /ḳɪt͡ʃ, ˈsəṗə/
49 snake mar, mehr /mɑːr, mahr/
50 worm kurm /ḳɜrm/
51 tree dar /ˈdɑːr/
52 forest rêl, daristan, dehl, boş, berrî, mêşe /rɪl, dɑːrəstɑːn, daɣl, bɔʃ, bariː, mɪʃa/
53 stick şivik, ço(v/w), textik /ʃəvəḳ, ˈt͡ʃo(v), taxṭəḳ/
54 fruit ber, meywe, fêhkî /bar, majwa, fɪhḳiː/
55 seed dendik, dane /dandəḳ, dɑːna/
56 leaf pel, çilo(w) /pal, ˈt͡ʃəloʷ/
57 root tamar, kok /ṭɑːmɑːr, koḳ/
58 bark (of a tree) qaliq, qaşil, berg /qɑːˈləq, qɑːˈʃəl, barg/
59 flower gul, gulîlk, kulîlk, çîçek /gɜl, gɜliːlḳ, ḳɜliːlḳ, t͡ʃiːt͡ʃaḳ/
60 grass çawîr, gire /tʃɑːwiːr, gəra/
61 rope ben, kêndir /ban, kɪnˈdər/
62 skin çerm, eyar, kevel, post /ˈt͡ʃarm, aˈjɑːr, kaval, post/
63 meat goşt /goʃṭ/
64 blood xwîn, xwûn /ˈxwiːn, ˈxwuːn/
65 bone hestî, êstû, êsik /hastiː, ɪstuː, ɪˈsəḳ/
66 fat (noun), (solid form)

fat (noun), (liquid form)

rûn, dohn

lêlûn, qatix, cerb, zêt

/ruːn, dɔːn/

/lɪluːn, qɑːtəx, ʤaɹb, zɪṭ/

67 egg hêk /hɪḳ/
68 horn qoç /qɔt͡ʃ/
69 tail dûv, terî /duːv, tariː/
70 feather per /par/
71 hair por, pirç, mû /pɔːɹ, pəɹt͡ʃ, muːʷ/
72 head serî /sariː/
73 ear guh /gɜh/
74 eye çav, çehv /ˈt͡ʃɑːv, ˈt͡ʃahv/
75 nose poz, difin /ˈpɔːz, ṗɔz, dəfən/
76 mouth dev /dav/
77 tooth diran, didan /dərɑːn, dədɑːn/
78 tongue (organ) ziman /zəmɑːn/
79 fingernail dir-nak /dər.ˈnɑːḳ/
80 foot pê, pey /ṗɪ, ṗaj/
81 leg ling /ləŋg/
82 knee kab, çog, ejnû /kɑːb, tʃɔg, aʒnuː/
83 hand dest, lep /dast, laṗ/
84 wing bask, pazik /ˈbɑːsḳ, ˈpɑːzəḳ/
85 belly ˈzik, nav /zəḳ, nɑːv/
86 guts rovik, rûvik, navik /rɔʷˈvəkɑːn, ruːˈvəḳ, nɑːˈvəḳ /
87 neck histi, stî, gepir, qirik /həstə, stiː, gapər, qərəḳ/
88 back pişt /pəʃt/
89 breast sîng, berok /siːŋ, barɔḳ/
90 heart dil /dəl/
91 liver kezeba sor, cîger /ḳazabɑː sɔr, ʤiːgar/
92 to drink ve-x, da-qurt /va.x, dɑː.ϙɜɹṭ/
93 to eat xu, xwu /xɜ, xwɜ/
94 to bite gez k /gaz ḳ/
95 to suck mêj /mɪʒ/
96 to spit tif k /təf/
97 to vomit ve-reş /va.raʃ/
98 to blow ba(h) k, pif k /bɑːʰ ḳ, pəf ḳ/
99 to breathe nefes, hêlim k, hilm k /nafas, hɪləm ḳ, həlm ḳ/
100 to laugh ken /kan/
101 to see seh k, neyr (nêr), biyn (bîn), dî /saʰ ḳ, najɹ (nɪɹ), biːjn (biːn), diː/
102 to hear bihîs, biys, bîs /bəʰiːs, biːjs, biːs/
103 to know nas, zan /nɑːs, zɑːn/
104 to think bîrr k /biːr ḳ/
105 to smell bîhin (bîn) k /biːhən (biːn) ḳ/
106 to fear tirs, pix k /tərs, pəx ḳ/
107 to sleep xew k, nenî k, temir /xaw ḳ, naniː ḳ, ṭamər/
108 to live /ʒiː/
109 to die mir /mər/
110 to kill kuj /kɜʒ, ḳɜʒ/
111 to fight şer k, ceng k /ʃar ḳ, ʤaŋg ḳ/
112 to hunt (animal)

to hunt (to fish)

nîçirê k,

awê k

/niːt͡ʃərɪ ḳ/

/ɑːwɪ ḳ/

113 to hit xi (lê-x), xi-st, lê-d /xə (lɪ.x), xə.st, lɪ.d/
114 to cut birr, qet, qut /bər, qat, qɜt/
115 to split pertîn, perçe /partiːn, part͡ʃa/
116 to stab hut, kut /hɜṭ, kɜṭ/
117 to scratch xiş /xəʃ/
118 to dig kol /kɔl/
119 to swim av-jenîn /ɑːv.ʒaniːn/
120 to fly fir /fər/
121 to walk meş, pey, gav k, gaz k /maʃ, ṗaj, gɑːv ḳ, gɑːz ḳ/
122 to come wer, hê (dihê, tê) /war, hɪ (dəʰɪ, ṭɪ)/
123 to lie (as in a bed) ra-z, xwe-dirêj /rɑː.z, xɑː.dərɪʒ/
124 to sit nih (rû-n) /nəʰ (ruː.n)/
125 to stand (to get)

to stand (postion)

-st/-şt (xi-st, ni-şt), stîn

pê-stîn, sekin

/ -st/-ʃt (xə.st, nə.ʃt), stiːn /

/ pɪ.stiːn, saʰḳən /

126 to turn (intransitive) ger, çerx k, dor /gar/
127 to fall kev, da-x, pêy xi-(-st) /kav, dɑː.χ, pɪj xə-(-st)/
128 to give de(h), da (past form) /daʰ, dɑː/
129 to hold hil-de(h), gir /həl.daʰ, gər/
130 to squeeze guvêş /gɜvɪʃ/
131 to rub xuş, miz-de(h) /xɜʃ, məz.daʰ/
132 to wash şo(w) /ʃɔʷ/
133 to wipe pixwaş k, pak k /ṗəxʷɑːʃ ḳ, pɑːḳ ḳ/
134 to pull kiş /kəʃiːn/
135 to push pal-de(h), ve-de(h) /pɑːl.daʰ, va.daʰ/
136 to throw avê, avêj /ɑːvɪ, ɑːvɪʒ/
137 to tie girê-de(h) /gərɪ.daʰ/
138 to sew diro(w), dirû /dərɔʷ, dəruː/
139 to count jimêr /jəmɪr/
140 to say go(w), bêy, bêj /gɔʷ, bɪj, bɪʒ/
141 to sing stir /ˈstəɹ/
142 to play leyz, lîz /lajz, liːz/
143 to float seravê-kev, rûavê-kev /sarɑːvɪ.kav, ruːˈɑːvɪ.kav/
144 to flow şur, şir /ˈʃɜr, ˈʃər/
145 to freeze bûz gir /buːz gər, buːʷz gər/
146 to swell perçif, gup, sowr be(h) /part͡ʃəf, gɜṗ, sɔʷɾ baʰ/
147 sun ro, row, xwur, xor /rɔ, rɔʰ, rɔw, xʷɜr, xɔr/
148 moon heyv, hêv /hajv, hɪv/
149 star stêr, histêr, istêr /ˈsṭɪɹ, həˈsṭɪr, əsṭɪr/
150 water av, aw /ˈɑːv, ɑːw/
151 rain baran /ˈbɑːrɑːn/
152 river rûbar, çem /ˈruːbɑːr, ˈtʃam/
153 lake lêç, gol /lɪt͡ʃ, gol/
154 sea derya, zerya, behûr, behr /darjɑː, zarjɑː, bahuːr, bahr/
155 salt xow, şor /χɔːʷ, ʃɔːr/
156 stone kevir, seng, ber /ḳavər, saŋ, bar/
157 sand qûm, zix /quːˈm, ˈzəχ/
158 dust toz /tɔˈz, tɔʷz/
159 earth erd, ax, zevî, zemîn /ard, ˈɑːx, zaviː, zamiːn/
160 cloud ewir /ˈawər/
161 fog mij, dîmar, morav /məʒ, diːmɑːr, mɔrɑːv/
162 sky asman, ezman /ɑːsmɑːn, ˈazmɑːn/
163 wind ba(h) /bɑːʰ/
164 snow befr, berf /bafɾ, barf/
165 ice seqo, qeşa, sûxar, seqem /saqɔʷ, qaʃɑː, suːxɑːr, saqam/
166 smoke dû, dûman /duːʷ, duːmɑːn/
167 fire ar, êr, agir, êgir /ˈɑːr, ˈɪr, ˈɑːgər, ˈɪgər/
168 ash xalî /xˈɑːliː]
169 to burn şewt /ʃawṭ/
170 road /rɪ/
171 mountain ça, çî, koy /ˈt͡ʃɑː, ˈt͡ʃiː, kɔʲ/
172 red sor /ˈsɔr, ˈsɔʰr, ˈsɔʷr/
173 green kesk, sevz /kaˈsḳ, savz/
174 yellow zer /zar/
175 white sipî /ˈsəṗiː/
176 black reş /raʃ/
177 night şev /ˈʃav/
178 day rok, roj /rɔḳ, rɔʒ/
179 year sal /sɑːl/
180 warm germ /garm, gaʰˈrəm/
181 cold sar /sɑːr/
182 full têr, tijî /tɪr, ṭəʒiː/
183 new ecer, nû, nu(y), nî(y) /ˈaʤar, nuː, nɜʲ, niːʲ/
184 old kevin /ḳavən/
185 good rind, naz, baş, çê /rənd, nɑːz, bɑːʃ, t͡ʃɪːʰ]
186 bad xerap, pîs, bed /xarɑːṗ, ˈpiːs, bad/
187 rotten xera, genî, tixî, rizî, kuvikî /xaˈrɑː, ganiː, təxiː, rəziː, kuvəḳiː/
188 dirty gemar, pîs /gamɑːr, ˈpiːs/
189 straight berrû, serrê, serrast /baˈruː, saˈrɪ, saˈrɑː sṭ/
190 round gerande, gulok, gulover /garɑːnda, gɜlɔḳ, gɜlɔvaɾ/
191 sharp (as a knife) tûj /ṭuːʒ/
192 dull (as a knife) ko /ḳɔ, ḳɔʰ, ḳɔʷ/
193 smooth hil-lû, hil-lûs /həˈluː, həˈluːs/
194 wet şil, ter, hêlim /ʃəl, ṭar, hɪləm/
195 dry ziya, hişk /ziːˈjɑː, həʃḳ/
196 correct durust /dɜɾɜst/
197 near nêz, nêzî, nêzîk /nɪz, nɪziː, nɪziːḳ/
198 far dûr /duːr/
199 right rast /rɑːsṭ/
200 left çep /tʃap/
201 at cem, li, ba /ʤam, lə, bɑː/
202 in di ... da, li, (h)indir /də ... dɑː, lə, (h)əndər/
203 with tev, bi ... ra, tev ra, pê ra, hev ra /tav, bə ... rɑː, tav rɑː, ṗɪ rɑː, hav rɑː/
204 and û /uː/
205 if eg, ge(h), ger, eger, heger, hege, heg /ag, gaʰ, gar, agar, hagar, haga, hag/
206 because ber ku, çim kî, ji bo, ji ber /bar ḳɜ, tʃəm ḳiː, ʒə bɔ, ʒə bar/
207 name nam, nav /nɑːm, nɑːv/

User:Rênas Îbranûm Dêyako/Swadesh lists



Remark:

When the words have various forms (verbs conjugation, transitive and intransitive), the orthography is the following: ● verbs : infinitive before conjugation, and even auxiliary verbs too.

● this Swadesh list is more based on Kurmanji which known as north Kurdish.

● the letter ( k ) represents separate auxiliary verb (kerden/kirin) before conjugation, as (deh) for (dan), and (beh) for (bûn).

● almost all Kurdish sound of vowel / ɪ / in western accents turns to vowel sound / e / in eastern accents.


Rênas Îbranûm Dêyako (talk) 22:15, 1 February 2022 (UTC)