Multiclavula mucida is a globally distributed species of basidiolichen belonging to the family Hydnaceae.[5] Since its initial classification by Christiaan Hendrik Persoon in 1797, the species has been described under various synonyms and associated with multiple genera. Persoon described its fruiting bodies as gregarious (i.e. growing in groups but separate at the base), varying from simple to branching structures, predominantly whitish in colour with yellow to brownish tips. He also noted its frequent appearance in autumn on decaying, moist wood, often covered with a greenish crust necessary for its growth.
| Multiclavula mucida | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Cantharellales |
| Family: | Hydnaceae |
| Genus: | Multiclavula |
| Species: | M. mucida
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| Binomial name | |
| Multiclavula mucida (Pers.) R.H.Petersen (1967)
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| Synonyms[4] | |
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List
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The cosmopolitan distribution of Multiclavula mucida and its variability in appearance have led to a complex nomenclature and historical confusion with other species and genera. Though widespread, it is considered rare in Europe and faces threats in many countries. It can be distinguished from similar species such as Multiclavula petricola, M. vernalis, M. coronilla, and Clavicorona taxophila by differences in basidiospore size, growth substrate, fruiting body structure, and microscopic features, despite similarities in colour and general form.
Systematics edit
Historical taxonomy edit
The fungus was first formally described by Christiaan Hendrik Persoon in 1797, as Clavaria mucida. Persoon characterised the fungus as gregarious, small, and either simple or branching. He noted its autumnal appearance on decaying, moist tree trunks covered with a crust or green powder, sometimes extending over a wide area. He described each specimen of the species as small and slender, occurring in both simple and more frequently in branched forms. The initial growth stage is marked by a thickened, wrinkled, and slightly curved apex. In branched specimens, the structure divides into thin, diverging, sharp branches originating from the middle or base. Persoon described the flesh as fleshy but not very tenacious, primarily whitish with the tip of the fungus being more intensely ochre in simpler forms, growing on a thin, whitish substrate or tomentum. He questioned the unique nature of the greenish crust common to this species, noting that it seemed necessary for its growth but disappeared when dried. Additionally, Persoon considered whether what he considered related species, Ramaria ornithopodoides and Clavaria albida, due to their significant size and branching nature, should be classified together with Clavaria mucida or recognised as distinct species.[6]
The fungus has acquired several synonyms as a result of having been transferred to different genera in its taxonomic history. After its initial placement in Clavaria, it has been proposed for transfer to Typhula (by Elias Fries in 1827), Calocera (Richard Wettstein, 1886), Pistillaria (Julien Noël Costantin and Léon Marie Dufour, 1891), Lentaria (E. J. H. Corner, 1950), and Stichoclavaria (Eckehard Paechnatz, 1987).[4] American mycologist Ron Petersen, in a 1967 publication transferred the taxon to the newly circumscribed genus Multiclavula in 1967. Before Corner's 1950 monograph on clavarioid fungi,[1] little attention was given to hyphal structure and morphology in their taxonomy. Despite Corner's extensive literature compilation, he couldn't inspect many type specimens, leading to reliance on past reports for species reclassification. During Petersen's study of Clavulinopsis and comparing it to species in Lentaria's subgenus Lentariopsis as defined by Corner, it became clear that several species across both genera could be congeneric. Corner himself was uncertain about the internal relationships within Lentaria, particularly about the evolutionary connections between its species and those in the Ramaria stricta series. This ambiguity led Petersen to reevaluate the genera housing these fungi.[7]
Current classification edit
The reclassification of Multiclavula mucida was influenced by comparative analyses with other genera of lichen-forming fungi. While Clavulinopsis species are mostly terrestrial, characterised by white, thin- to slightly thick-walled spores and monomitic hyphae (a type of fungal tissue composed of uniformly structured hyphae), M. mucida has distinctive traits. Similarly, Lentaria, particularly exemplified by L. surculus, contrasts with M. mucida due to its predominantly lignicolous nature and thicker-walled hyphae. Despite these differences, the species within Lentaria have been subdivided into two distinct groups, neither of which aligns with Corner's subgenera, which indicated the necessity for a new genus classification.[7]
This reevaluation, spurred by inconsistencies and the unique characteristics of the C. mucida group, led to significant taxonomic revisions. Historical classifications that placed C. mucida within various genera were reexamined. Petersen's review of relevant type specimens, particularly those related to Lentariopsis, concluded that the subgenus should be amalgamated with Lentaria. This consolidation and the unique aspects of C. mucida facilitated the establishment of Multiclavula as a distinct genus, addressing both phylogenetic and morphological disparities.[7]
Etymology and vernacular names edit
The species epithet mucida is from the Latin word mucidum, meaning "mouldy" or "slimy"; the genus name Multiclavula means "many clubs".[8] In North American literature, this fungus is known by several vernacular names, including "scum lover",[9] "common club mushroom lichen",[10] "frail bones",[8] and "club lichen",[11] the last of which is also used to refer to the entire genus.[12]
Description edit
In the thallus of M. mucida, the algae are not merely scattered. Instead, they are organised into small, closely situated globules embedded in a gelatinous matrix on moist, rotting wood.[13] This Botrydina-type thallus structure, common in basidiolichens, serves multiple functions. It protects the algae from UV light and desiccation, while ensuring close contact through a hyphal network that provides a continuous water and minerals supply.[14] The fruiting bodies (basidiocarps) are typically simple to lobed and can reach up to 2 cm (0.8 in) in height. They are waxy-tough but can become slimy, transitioning from white or creamy colour to grey or pale tan as they mature. These structures often dry to show a pure white tip.[7] The fruiting bodies' stickiness often causes debris to adhere to their surfaces. The algal partners are encapsulated in tiny pockets of fungal tissue, yet they retain a loose, unstructured form, manifesting as a green granular crust where the fungus produces its fruiting bodies. Despite their mutualistic relationship, both the algae and the fungus maintain their individual morphology.[15] The relationship between coccomyxoid green algae and M. mucida was documented by Geitler in 1955, noting that the algae are larger within the lichen than when free-living.[16] He suggested in 1956 that this size difference could be due to a decrease in algal division frequency induced by the fungal partner, the mycobiont.[17] Using electron microscopy, Hiroshi Masumoto identified the photobiont partner of M. mucida as Elliptochloris subsphaerica.[18]
The fungus's internal structure features thin to slightly thick-walled hyphae. These threads are generally parallel, interlocking, and often merged, showing many branching and connecting points (anastomoses). These hyphae also feature clamp connections, which are small bridge-like structures connecting the cells, and can be up to 200 µm long.[7]
Below the surface layer, thinner, more twisted hyphae form the basidia as side branches. Basidia are typically short and narrow, with four to six outgrowths (sterigmata) from which spores are released. They measure 15–25 by 4–6 µm. The spores themselves are ovoid to ellipsoid, smooth, and can contain one or two oil droplets (guttulate), appearing white in spore prints and measuring 4.5–7.7 by 1.8–3.2 µm.[7] M. mucida does not react with any of the standard chemical spot tests and is not known to contain any secondary metabolites (lichen products).[10]
David Arora, in his popular field guide Mushrooms Demystified, describes the edibility of these tiny and temporary fruit bodies as "utterly inconsequential".[9]
Similar species edit
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Multiclavula mucida shares similarities with the Japanese species Multiclavula petricola. They resemble each other in the colour and general structure of their fruiting bodies, which are typically white and primarily unbranched. However, the two species differ significantly in the size of their basidiospores: those of M. mucida measure 4.5–7.7 µm in length, which are shorter than the 7.3–9.5 µm-basidiospores of M. petricola. Additionally, while M. mucida typically grows on decaying wood, M. petricola prefers rocky substrates.[19] Multiclavula vernalis, while somewhat similar in appearance to M. mucida, is distinguished by its orange colour, its preference for growing on soil, and the presence of cystidia.[9] Multiclavula coronilla, which grows on similar substrates, bears resemblance but can be differentiated by its shorter and simpler (unbranched) fruiting bodies, which are up to 1 cm tall, and its by its basidia, which have 6 to 8 sterigmata. Differentiating these two species typically requires microscopic examination.[10]
Another species resembling M. mucida is Clavicorona taxophila. This small, whitish species, characterised by a broadened, flattened tip, typically grows on twigs, needles, and other types of debris, rather than amidst scum on rotting wood.[9] In the Neotropics, M. mucida closely resembles Sulzbacheromyces leucodontium in appearance. However, their ecological preferences differ; M. mucida mainly grows on decaying logs, while S. leucodontium typically inhabits terrestrial environments in lowland and sub-lowland forests. Additionally, Multiclavula species are more commonly found in mountainous regions.[20]
Habitat and distribution edit
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This species is commonly found on decomposing wood, often in the presence of algae.[7] It thrives on a wide variety of substrates, including bamboo,[21] beech,[22] cedar,[23] poplar, and oak.[24] In Central Europe, coniferous wood is a particularly favoured substrate.[13] M. mucida is widely distributed, found in Asia, Europe, North and South America, and possibly Australia,[7][10] with its North American range extending as far north as Alaska.[25] The discovery of M. mucida at unusually low elevations, specifically around 130 to 135 m (427 to 443 ft) above sea level in the Bienwald area of Rhineland-Palatinate, has prompted a reevaluation of its distribution and naming inconsistencies across different scientific literatures. Unlike other members of its genus, which prefer sandy soils, this species predominantly relies on rotting wood in moist environments.[26] Lothar Geitler first identified this species as an extratropical lichen in 1955,[16] challenging the then-prevailing view that basidiolichens were exclusively tropical.[13]
Previously considered native to Northern Europe and the mountains of Central Europe, M. mucida has been increasingly observed across most European countries and globally. This expansion in its geographical range could be attributed to the establishment and maintenance of natural forest reserves, environments that foster the decay of thick logs and provide suitable habitats for the fungus. In addition to its growing presence in traditional locales, the species has been documented in regions as far-reaching as Australia, including Tasmania, and New Zealand.[27]
Historically, however, the species has faced declines due to intensive forestry and environmental pollution, such as soil acidification from sulfur dioxide emissions, which damage its natural habitats.[26]
Conservation edit
Multiclavula mucida has been categorised differently in mycological and lichenological circles, leading to its varying status in conservation lists. In Germany, for example, it has been listed under different categories in the Red List of endangered plants and macrofungi, reflecting a disparity in its assessment between being recognised as a fungus and as a lichen.[26] In Finland's Regional Red List, it is classified as endangered, with a population size of less than 2,500 individuals and a continual decline.[28] In Lithuania, it is considered very rare, being limited to only 1–3 known localities,[29] and in Estonia, it is categorised as vulnerable.[30] In the latter country, it is considered an indicator of old-growth forest. These primeval forests, where the lichen is found, are increasingly rare in Europe and are mainly preserved in nature reserves.[31] Because of its small size and seasonal appearance, M. mucida has been described as inconspicuous and easy to overlook.[32][33]
References edit
- ^ a b Corner, E.J.H. (1950). A Monograph of Clavaria and Allied Genera. Annals of Botany Memoirs. Vol. 1. London: Oxford University Press. p. 640.
- ^ Kreisel, Hanns (1987). Pilzflora der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik [Fungal Flora of the German Democratic Republic] (in German). Jena: Gustav Fischer Verlag. p. 229. ISBN 978-3-334-00025-0.
- ^ Geitler, Lothar (1965). "Über die Basidiolichene Lentaria mucida var. hexaspora n. var" [On the basidiolichen Lentaria mucida var. hexaspora n. var.]. Österreichische Botanische Zeitschrift (in German). 112 (1–2): 187–190. doi:10.1007/BF01372985. JSTOR 43339279.
- ^ a b "GSD Species Synonymy. Current Name: Multiclavula mucida (Pers.) R.H. Petersen, Am. Midl. Nat. 77: 212 (1967)". Species Fungorum. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
- ^ "Multiclavula mucida (Pers.) R.H. Petersen". Catalogue of Life. Species 2000: Leiden, the Netherlands. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
- ^ Persoon, Christiaan Hendrik (1797). Commentatio de Fungis Clavaeformibus [A treatise on club-shaped fungi] (in Latin). Leipzig: P.P. Wolf. p. 55.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Petersen, Ron (1967). "Notes on clavarioid fungi. VII. Redefinition of the Clavaria vernalis–C. mucida complex". The American Midland Naturalist. 77 (1): 205–221. doi:10.2307/2423440. JSTOR 2423440.
- ^ a b Tripp, Erin A.; Lendemer, James C. (2020). Field Guide to the Lichens of Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press. p. 297. ISBN 978-1-62190-514-1.
- ^ a b c d Arora, David (1986). Mushrooms Demystified: A Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. p. 636. ISBN 978-0-89815-169-5.
- ^ a b c d McMullin, R. Troy (2023). Lichens. The Macrolichens of Ontario and the Great Lakes Region of the United States. Firefly Books. p. 299. ISBN 978-0-228-10369-1.
- ^ Laursen, Gary A.; Seppelt, Rodney D. (2009). Common Interior Alaska Cryptogams: Fungi, Lichenicolous Fungi, Lichenized Fungi, Slime Molds, Mosses, and Liverworts. College, Alaska: University of Alaska Press. p. 133. ISBN 978-1-60223-058-3.
- ^ Geiser, Geiser; McCune, Bruce (1997). Macrolichens of the Pacific Northwest. Corvallis, Oregon: Oregon State University Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-87071-394-1.
- ^ a b c Oberwinkler, F. (2012). "Basidiolichens". In Hock, Bertold (ed.). Fungal Associations. The Mycota. Vol. IX (3rd ed.). Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer Verlag. pp. 341–362. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-30826-0_16. ISBN 978-3-642-30826-0.
- ^ Voitk, Andrus (2016). "Multiclavula mucida" (PDF). Omphalina. 7 (8): 20–21.
- ^ Voitk, Andrus; Ohenoja, Esteri (2011). "Genus Multiclavula in Newfoundland and Labrador" (PDF). Fungi. 4 (2): 26–31.
- ^ a b Geitler, L. (1955). "Clavaria mucida, eine extratropische Basidiolichene" [Clavaria mucida, an extratropical basidiolichen]. Biologisches Centralblatt (in German). 74: 145–159.
- ^ Geitler, L. (1956). "Ergänzende Beobachtungen über die extratropische Basidiolichene Clavaria mucida" [Supplementary observations on the extratropical basidiolichen Clavaria mucida]. Oesterreichische botanische Zeitschrift (in German). 103: 164–167. doi:10.1007/BF01287837.
- ^ Masumoto, H. (2020). Taxonomic studies on lichenized basidiomycetes and their photobionts in Japan: towards the establishment of a model co-culture system of lichen symbiosis (PDF) (Ph.D. thesis). University of Tsukuba.
- ^ Masumoto, Hiroshi; Degawa, Yousuke (2020). "Multiclavula petricola sp. nov. (Cantharellales, Basidiomycota), a new clavarioid and lichenized fungus growing on rocks". Mycoscience. 61 (4): 155–159. doi:10.1016/j.myc.2020.03.004.
- ^ Coca, Luis Fernando; Gómez, Salomé Gómez; Guillermo, Jorge Guzmán; Trujillo, Edwin Trujillo; Clavijo, Laura; Zuluaga, Alejandro; Dal Forno, Manuela; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2023). "Sulzbacheromyces leucodontium (Basidiomycota, Lepidostromataceae), a new species of basidiolichen widely distributed in the Neotropics". Phytotaxa. 597 (2): 153–164. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.597.2.5.
- ^ Teng, S.C. (1996). Korf, Richard (ed.). Fungi of China (1st ed.). Ithaca, New York: Mycotaxon. p. 298. ISBN 978-0-930845-05-6.
- ^ Fritz, Örjan (2009). "Mykologivecka 2009 vid Nissaström – en halländsk hotspot" [Mycology Week 2009 at Nissaström – a Halland hotspot]. Svensk Mykologisk Tidskrift (in Swedish). 30 (2): 35–45.
- ^ Brodo, Irwin M.; Lee, Robert E.; Freebury, Colin; Wong, Pak Yau; Lewis, Christopher J.; McMullin, R. Troy (2021). "Additions to the lichens, allied fungi, and lichenicolous fungi of the Ottawa region in Ontario and Quebec, with reflections on a changing biota". The Canadian Field-Naturalist. 135 (1): 1–27. doi:10.22621/cfn.v135i1.2557.
- ^ Shiryaev, Anton (2008). "New and interesting clavarioid fungi from the hemiboreal zone of Finland" (PDF). Karstenia. 48: 29–32. doi:10.29203/ka.2008.426.
- ^ Spribille, Toby; Fryday, Alan M.; Hampton-Miller, Celia J.; Ahti, Teuvo; Dillman, Karen; Thor, Göran; Tonsberg, Tor; Schirokauer, Dave, eds. (2023). Compendium of the Lichens and Associated Fungi of Alaska. Bibliothecia Lichenologica. J. Cramer. p. 263. doi:10.1127/bibl_lich/2023/112. ISBN 978-3-443-58093-3.
- ^ a b c Voker, John; Haedeke, Jörg (2010). "Neufund von Multiclavula mucida in Rheinland-Pfalz mit Bemerkungen zur Verbreitung und Gefährdung der Art" [New discovery of Multiclavula mucida in Rhineland-Palatinate with remarks on the distribution and endangerment of the species]. Herzogia. 25 (2): 287–292. doi:10.13158/heia.25.2.2010.287.
- ^ Petersen, Ronald H.; Kantvilas, Gintaras (1986). "The three lichen-forming clavarioid fungi from Tasmania". Australian Journal of Botany. 34 (2): 217–222. doi:10.1071/BT9860217.
- ^ Hyvärinen, Esko; Juslén, Aino; Kemppainen, Eija; Uddström, Annika; Liukko, Ulla-Maija, eds. (2019). Suomen lajien uhanalaisuus – Punainen kirja 2019. The 2019 Red List of Finnish Species (Report). Ministry of the Environment. Finnish Environment Institute. p. 291. ISBN 978-952-11-4974-0.
- ^ Motiejūnaitė, Jurga (2017). "Supplemented checklist of lichens and allied fungi of Lithuania". Botanica Lithuanica. 23 (2): 89–106 [97]. doi:10.1515/botlit-2017-0011.
- ^ Lõhmus, Piret; Marmor, Liis; Jüriado, Inga; Suija, Ave; Oja, Ede; Degtjarenko, Polina; Randlane, Tiina (2019). "Red List of Estonian lichens: revision in 2019". Folia Cryptogamica Estonica. 56: 72. doi:10.12697/fce.2019.56.07.
- ^ Parmasto, Erast (2001). "Fungi as indicators of primeval and old-growth forests deserving protection". In Moore, David; Nauta, Marijke M.; Evans, Shelley E.; Rotheroe, Maurice (eds.). Fungal Conservation Issues and Solutions. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 81–88. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511565168.006. ISBN 978-0-511-56516-8.
- ^ Nimis, Pier Luigi (2016). The Lichens of Italy. A Second Annotated Catalogue. Trieste: Edizioni Università di Trieste. p. 308. ISBN 978-88-8303-755-9.
- ^ Łubeka, Anna; Kukwab, Martin; Jaroszewiczc, Bogdan; Czortek, Patryk (2020). "Identifying mechanisms shaping lichen functional diversity in a primeval forest". Forest Ecology and Management. 475: e118434. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118434.