List of largest cities throughout history

      See also: Historical urban community sizes

      The following is a table of the largest cities or urbans by estimated population in history. Many of the figures are uncertain, especially in ancient times.

      Year Morris (2010)[1] Modelski (2003)[2] Chandler (1987)[3] Chandler & Fox (1974)[4]
      population city
      or
      urban      		 location
      in
      present
      country      		 population city
      or
      urban      		 location
      in
      present
      country      		 population city
      or
      urban      		 location
      in
      present
      country      		 population city
      or
      urban      		 location
      in
      present
      country
      8000 BCE [5] 500 Mureybet Syria
      7000 BCE [6] 1,000 Beidha Jordan [7] 1-2,000 Jericho West Bank            
      Basta[8] Jordan
      Çatalhöyük Turkey
      6500 BCE [7][9] 5-10,000 Çatalhöyük Turkey
      6000 BCE [10] 3,000 Çatalhöyük Turkey
      5000 BCE [5] 4,000 Tell Brak Syria
      4000 BCE 5,000 Uruk Iraq [7] 4,000 Eridu Iraq            
      Tell Brak Syria
      3800 to
      3700 BCE      		 [11] < 10,000 Dobrovody Ukraine
      3700 BCE 6-10,000 Eridu Iraq
      3600 to
      3500 BCE      		       [11] < 10,000 Maydanets Ukraine            
      [11] < 10,000 Talianki Ukraine
      3500 BCE [5] 8,000 Uruk Iraq 14,000 Uruk Iraq       20,000 Abydos Egypt
      Susa Iran
      Tell Brak Syria
      3300 BCE 40,000 Uruk Iraq Abydos Egypt
      3200 BCE 20,000 Abydos Egypt Abydos Egypt
      3100 BCE 20,000 Memphis Egypt 20,000 Memphis Egypt
      3000 BCE [12] 45,000 Uruk Iraq 40,000 Uruk Iraq 30,000 Memphis Egypt 40,000 Memphis Egypt
      2800 BCE 80,000 Uruk Iraq Memphis Egypt Memphis Egypt
      2500 BCE [5] 50,000 Uruk Iraq [13] 60,000 Lagash[14] Iraq   Memphis Egypt   Memphis Egypt
      [13] 20,000 Nippur Iraq
      2400 BCE       [15] 50,000 Mari Syria   Memphis Egypt   Memphis Egypt
      [15] 40,000 Umma Iraq
      Girsu[14] Iraq
      Mohenjo-daro Pakistan
      2300 BCE       [16] 80,000 Girsu Iraq   Memphis Egypt   Memphis Egypt
      [16] 50,000 Mari Syria
      2250 BCE [5] 35,000 Akkad[17] Iraq       > 30,000 Memphis Egypt   Memphis Egypt
      Memphis Egypt
      2240 BCE Akkad[17] Iraq Akkad[17] Iraq
      2200 BCE 50,000 Girsu Iraq Akkad Iraq Akkad Iraq
      2100 BCE 100,000 Ur Iraq Akkad Iraq 100,000 Girsu[14] Iraq
      2075 BCE 50,000 Girsu[14] Iraq Girsu Iraq
      2059 BCE Girsu Iraq Thebes Egypt
      2030 BCE Ur Iraq Thebes Egypt
      2000 BCE [18] 60,000 Memphis Egypt [19] 40,000 Isin Iraq 65,000 Ur Iraq   Thebes Egypt
      Larsa Iraq
      Ur Iraq Girsu Iraq
      1991 BCE Ur Iraq 100,000 Memphis Egypt
      1980 BCE Thebes Egypt Memphis Egypt
      1900 BCE       40,000 Isin Iraq   Thebes Egypt   Memphis Egypt
      Larsa Iraq
      1800 BCE       60,000 Mari Syria > 25,000 Thebes Egypt   Memphis Egypt
      [20]65,000
      1770 BCE 60,000 Babylon Iraq Babylon Iraq
      1750 BCE [5] 65,000 Babylon Iraq
      1700 BCE 60,000 Babylon Iraq Babylon Iraq Babylon Iraq
      1670 BCE Avaris[21] Egypt Babylon Iraq
      1650 BCE [22] 100,000 Avaris Egypt Babylon Iraq
      1600 BCE 50-100,000 Avaris[21] Egypt 100,000 Avaris Egypt Babylon Iraq
      1595 BCE Avaris Egypt Avaris[21] Egypt
      1580 BCE Avaris Egypt Memphis Egypt
      1557 BCE Memphis Egypt Memphis Egypt
      1500 BCE 75,000 Uruk Iraq 60,000 Thebes Egypt   Memphis Egypt   Memphis Egypt
      Thebes Egypt
      1400 BCE [5] 80,000 Thebes Egypt 80,000 Thebes Egypt Thebes Egypt Thebes Egypt
      1375 BCE [22] 100,000 Thebes Egypt Thebes Egypt
      1360 BCE 80,000 Thebes Egypt 100,000 Thebes Egypt
      1350 BCE Thebes Egypt Memphis Egypt
      1300 BCE [5] 80,000 Thebes Egypt 120,000 Yinxu
      (Anyang)      		 China Thebes Egypt Memphis Egypt
      1205 BCE [23]  Memphis Egypt Memphis Egypt
      1200 BCE 80,000 Babylon Iraq 160,000 Pi-Ramses[21] Egypt [23] 50,000 Memphis Egypt > 50,000 Memphis Egypt
      Thebes Egypt
      1188 BCE Thebes Egypt Memphis Egypt
      1184 BCE 120,000 Thebes Egypt Memphis Egypt
      1100 BCE [5] 50,000 Memphis Egypt 120,000 Pi-Ramses Egypt   Thebes Egypt   Memphis Egypt
      Thebes Egypt
      Tanis Egypt
      Yinxu
      (Anyang)      		 China
      1000 BCE [24] 50,000 Thebes Egypt [25] 120,000 Thebes Egypt [26] > 50,000 Thebes Egypt   Memphis Egypt
      [20]60,000
      [24] 35,000 Haojing
      (Xi'an)[27]      		 China [25] 100,000 Haojing
      (Xi'an)[27]      		 China [26] > 50,000 Haojing
      (Xi'an)[27]      		 China
      [20]55,000
      Chengzhou
      (Luoyang)[28]      		 China Memphis Egypt [26] 50,000 Chengzhou
      (Luoyang)[28]      		 China
      Babylon Iraq [22] 100,000
      900 BCE [5] 50,000 Thebes Egypt 125,000 Haojing China Thebes Egypt Memphis Egypt
      800 BCE [5] 75,000 Nimrud
      (Calah)      		 Iraq 125,000 Haojing China > 50,000 Thebes Egypt   Memphis Egypt
      [20]60,000
      700 BCE [5] 100,000 Nineveh Iraq 100,000 Thebes Egypt   Thebes Egypt   Memphis Egypt
      Memphis Egypt
      Nineveh Iraq
      Babylon[29] Iraq
      Luoyi
      (Luoyang)[28]      		 China
      Linzi China
      668 BCE [22] 100,000 Nineveh Iraq Nineveh Iraq
      650 BCE 120,000 Nineveh Iraq 120,000 Nineveh Iraq
      612 BCE Babylon Iraq Babylon Iraq
      600 BCE [5] 125,000 Babylon Iraq 200,000 Babylon Iraq [22] 100,000 Babylon Iraq 200,000 Babylon Iraq
      Luoyi China
      562 BCE 200,000 Babylon Iraq 200,000 Babylon Iraq
      500 BCE 150,000 Babylon Iraq [30] 200,000 Babylon Iraq   Babylon Iraq   Babylon Iraq
      Luoyi China
      Linzi China
      479 BCE Babylon Iraq Sravasti India
      460 BCE Babylon Iraq [31]   Rajagriha
      (Rajgir)      		 India
      440 BCE Babylon Iraq Babylon Iraq
      430 BCE 200,000 Babylon Iraq 250,000 Babylon Iraq
      400 BCE [5] 150,000 Babylon Iraq 320,000 Xiadu China Babylon Iraq Babylon Iraq
      320 BCE > 300,000 Alexandria Egypt > 300,000 Alexandria Egypt
      300 BCE [5] 150,000 Babylon Iraq 500,000 Carthage Tunisia   Pataliputra
      (Patna)      		 India   Pataliputra India
      Alexandria Egypt
      220 BCE Pataliputra India Xianyang China
      206 BCE Pataliputra India Pataliputra India
      200 BCE 300,000 Alexandria Egypt 600,000 Alexandria Egypt [32] 350,000 Pataliputra India 350,000 Pataliputra India
      400,000 Chang'an
      (Xi'an)[27][32]      		 China
      195 BCE Chang'an China Pataliputra India
      190 BCE Chang'an China Chang'an[27] China
      170 BCE Chang'an China Seleucia[33][34] Iraq
      160 BCE Chang'an China Chang'an[34] China
      100 BCE [5] 400,000 Alexandria Egypt 1,000,000 Alexandria Egypt   Chang'an China   Chang'an China
      Rome Italy
      25 BCE Rome Italy Chang'an China
      1 CE 1,000,000 Rome Italy 800,000 Rome Italy Rome Italy Rome Italy
      100 [5] 1,000,000 Rome Italy 1,000,000 Rome Italy 450,000 Rome Italy 650,000 Rome Italy
      180 600,000 Rome Italy 800,000 Rome Italy
      200 [35] 1,000,000 Rome Italy 1,200,000 Rome Italy Rome Italy Rome Italy
      280 500,000 Rome Italy 650,000 Rome Italy
      300 [5] 800,000 Rome Italy 1,000,000 Rome Italy Rome Italy Rome Italy
      340 Constantinople
      (Istanbul)      		 Turkey Rome Italy
      350 Constantinople Turkey Constantinople Turkey
      361 300,000 Constantinople Turkey 350,000 Constantinople Turkey
      400 [36] 800,000 Rome Italy 800,000 Rome Italy Constantinople Turkey Constantinople Turkey
      410 Constantinople Turkey Pataliputra India
      450 Constantinople Turkey 500,000 Constantinople Turkey
      500 [5] 450,000 Constantinople Turkey 500,000 Constantinople Turkey 400,000 Constantinople Turkey 500,000 Constantinople Turkey
      Jiankang
      (Nanjing)      		 China
      Luoyang[28] China
      570 Ctesiphon[33] Iraq 500,000 Constantinople Turkey
      575 500,000 Ctesiphon Iraq 500,000 Constantinople Turkey
      600 [37] 600,000 Daxing
      (Chang'an)[27]      		 China 600,000 Constantinople Turkey 500,000 Ctesiphon Iraq 500,000 Constantinople Turkey
      622 500,000 Ctesiphon Iraq 500,000 Constantinople Turkey
      637 400,000 Chang'an[27] China 500,000 Constantinople Turkey
      650 Chang'an China 500,000 Chang'an[27] China
      700 [5] 1,000,000 Chang'an[27] China 1,000,000 Chang'an[27] China 800,000 Chang'an China 1,000,000 Chang'an China
      750 800,000 Chang'an China > 1,000,000 Chang'an China
      775 600,000 Baghdad Iraq [38]   Baghdad Iraq
      800 1,000,000 Chang'an China 800,000 Chang'an China 700,000 Baghdad Iraq [38] 800,000 Chang'an China
      [38] 700,000 Baghdad Iraq
      833 900,000 Baghdad Iraq 900,000 Baghdad Iraq
      900 [1] 750,000 Chang'an China 900,000 Baghdad Iraq 900,000 Baghdad Iraq 900,000 Baghdad Iraq
      925 1,100,000 Baghdad Iraq Baghdad Iraq
      932 1,100,000 Baghdad Iraq 1,100,000 Baghdad Iraq
      935 450,000 Cordova Spain 450,000 Cordova Spain
      1000 1,000,000 Kaifeng China [39] 1,200,000 Baghdad Iraq 450,000 Cordova Spain 450,000 Cordova Spain
      1013 400,000 Kaifeng China 450,000 Constantinople Turkey
      1050 400,000 Kaifeng China 500,000 Constantinople Turkey
      1071 400,000 Kaifeng China 400,000 Kaifeng China
      1100 [5] 1,000,000 Kaifeng China 1,200,000 Baghdad Iraq 442,000 Kaifeng China 442,000 Kaifeng China
      1102 442,000 Kaifeng China 442,000 Kaifeng China
      1126 420,000 Kaifeng China 420,000 Kaifeng China
      1127 200,000 Constantinople Turkey [40] 300,000 Constantinople Turkey
      1145 200,000 Merv Turkmenistan [40] 300,000 Constantinople Turkey
      1150 200,000 Merv Turkmenistan [40] 300,000 Constantinople Turkey
      1153 200,000 Constantinople Turkey [40] 300,000 Constantinople Turkey
      1160 200,000 Constantinople Turkey 250,000 Fez Morocco
      1170 200,000 Fez Morocco 250,000 Fez Morocco
      1180 200,000 Hangzhou China 250,000 Polonnaruwa Sri Lanka
      1200 [41] 1,000,000 Hangzhou China 1,000,000 Baghdad Iraq 255,000 Hangzhou China 255,000 Hangzhou China
      Hangzhou China
      Kaifeng China
      1201 260,000 Hangzhou China 260,000 Hangzhou China
      1250 320,000 Hangzhou China 320,000 Hangzhou China
      1273 432,000 Hangzhou China 432,000 Hangzhou China
      1300 [5] 800,000 Hangzhou China 1,500,000 Hangzhou China 432,000 Hangzhou China 432,000 Hangzhou China
      1315 432,000 Cairo Egypt Hangzhou China
      1325 500,000 Cairo Egypt 500,000 Cairo Egypt
      1348 432,000 Hangzhou China 500,000 Cairo Egypt
      1350 432,000 Hangzhou China 450,000 Cairo Egypt
      1358 Jinling
      (Nanjing)      		 China Cairo Egypt
      1391 473,000 Jinling China Cairo Egypt
      1400 500,000 Jinling
      (Nanjing)      		 China 1,000,000 Jinling
      (Nanjing)      		 China 487,000 Jinling China 473,000 Jinling
      (Nanjing)      		 China
      1420 Jinling China 450,000 Beijing China
      1425 Beijing China Beijing China
      1450 600,000 Beijing China 600,000 Beijing China
      1492 669,000 Beijing China 669,000 Beijing China
      1500 [42] 678,000 Beijing China 1,000,000 Beijing China 672,000 Beijing China 672,000 Beijing China
      1550 690,000 Beijing China 690,000 Beijing China
      1575 706,000 Beijing China 706,000 Beijing China
      1579 706,000 Beijing China 706,000 Beijing China
      1600 700,000 Beijing China 1,000,000 Beijing China 706,000 Beijing China 706,000 Beijing China
      1635 Beijing China 660,000 Agra India
      1637 Beijing China 700,000 Constantinople[43] Turkey
      1650 700,000 Constantinople[43] Turkey 700,000 Istanbul Turkey
      1670 Constantinople Turkey 500,000 Delhi India
      1675 750,000 Constantinople Turkey 500,000 Delhi India
      1684 Constantinople Turkey 540,000 Paris France
      1685 Constantinople Turkey Constantinople Turkey
      1690 700-800,000 Constantinople Turkey 700-800,000 Constantinople Turkey
      1700 650,000 Beijing China 1,000,000 Ayutthaya Thailand 700,000 Constantinople Turkey 700,000 Constantinople Turkey
      600-700,000 Beijing China
      1710 Beijing China Beijing China
      1720 Edo[44] Japan Beijing China Beijing China
      1750 900,000 Beijing China 900,000 Beijing China
      1775 1,000,000 Beijing China Beijing China
      1800 1,100,000 Beijing China 1,100,000 Beijing China 1,100,000 Beijing China 1,100,000 Beijing China
      1821 1,300,000 Beijing China 1,300,000 Beijing China
      1825             1,350,000 Beijing China 1,350,000 Beijing China
      1,335,000 London
      (urban area)      		 United Kingdom 1,335,000 London
      (urban area)      		 United Kingdom
      1841 1,948,000 London United Kingdom 2,235,000 London United Kingdom
      1850 2,320,000 London United Kingdom 2,320,000 London United Kingdom
      1851 2,362,000 London United Kingdom 2,362,000 London United Kingdom
      1861 2,803,000 London United Kingdom London United Kingdom
      1875 4,241,000 London United Kingdom 4,241,000 London United Kingdom
      1900 6,600,000 London United Kingdom 6,500,000 London United Kingdom 6,480,000 London United Kingdom 6,480,000 London United Kingdom
      1914 7,419,000 London United Kingdom London United Kingdom
      1925 7,774,000 New York
      (urban area)      		 United States 7,774,000 New York
      (urban area)      		 United States
      1936 10,150,000 New York United States New York United States
      1950 12,463,000 New York United States 12,500,000 New York United States
      1962 [45] 15,755,000 New York United States New York United States
      1965 15,000,000 Tokyo
      (urban area)      		 Japan 15,000,000 Tokyo
      (urban area)      		 Japan
      1968 [45] 20,500,000 Tokyo Japan [45] 20,500,000 Tokyo Japan
      1970 [45] 20,450,000 Tokyo Japan [45] 21,000,000 Tokyo Japan
      1975 20,500,000 Tokyo Japan
      2000 [46] 26,400,000 Tokyo Japan

      See also

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      References

      1. ^ a b (a) Ian Morris, Social Development, Stanford University, October 2010. This contains supporting materials for the following book: (b) Ian Morris, Why the west rules—for now: the patterns of history, and what they reveal about the future, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2010. ISBN 978-0-374-29002-3.
      2. ^ George Modelski, World Cities: –3000 to 2000, Washington DC: FAROS 2000, 2003. ISBN 0-9676230-1-4. Figures in main tables are preferentially cited. Part of former estimates can be read at Evolutionary World Politics Homepage.
      3. ^ Tertius Chandler, Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: An Historical Census, Lewiston, NY: The Edwin Mellen Press, 1987. ISBN 0-88946-207-0. Figures in main tables are preferentially cited. Part of Chandler's estimates are summarized or modified at The Institute for Research on World-Systems; Largest Cities Through History by Matt T. Rosenberg; or The Etext Archives. Chandler defined a city as a continuously built-up area (urban) with suburbs but without farmland inside the municipality.
      4. ^ Tertius Chandler and Gerald Fox, 3000 Years of Urban Growth, New York, NY: Academic Press, 1974. ISBN 0-12-785109-7. Figures in main tables are preferentially cited.
      5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Summarized in the supporting material on the website, but not given in Morris's published text (p. 632).
      6. ^ The date that the population of Beidha, Basta and Çatalhöyük is estimated to be 1,000 is given as 7500 BCE in Morris's published text (p. 632).
      7. ^ a b c Suggested to be the largest cities in Modelski's text, but not given constantly prior to 3700 BCE (p. 3, p. 17, and p. 20). No entry is suggested for the Halafian and Ubaid periods.
      8. ^ A Pre-Pottery Neolithic B settlement located ca. 25 km north of Petra.
      9. ^ The rough year that Çatalhöyük was supposed to be the largest is not given in Modelski's text which cites Ian Hodder's report (p. 3 and p. 17). The year 6500 BCE is based on the recent report by Hodder (Inhabiting Çatalhöyük: Reports from the 1995-99 Seasons (Çatalhöyük Research Project), Cambridge, UK: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 2005.) where less inhabitants (1,500 to 2,000) are suggested by Craig Cessford (pp. 323-326).
      10. ^ The date that the population of Çatalhöyük is estimated to be 3,000 is given as 6500 BCE in Morris's published text (p. 632).
      11. ^ a b c Suggested to be housing up to 10,000 people in Modelski's text (pp. 24–25), but only Eridu is listed as the largest city in Table 2 (a) (p. 22). The estimate is based on the author's personal communication with Mikhail Videiko, Institute of Archaeology, Kiev, October 2002 (p. 75). The previous estimates by S. I. Kruts for Maydanets and Talianki are 8,000 (1,575 housed within 270 ha) and 14,000 (2,700 houses within 450 ha), respectively (Pitskhelauri, K. N., and Chernykh, E. N. Eds., Kavkaz v sisteme paleometallicheskikh kultur Evrazii, Metsniereba, Tbilisi, 1989, pp. 146–156.).
      12. ^ Suggested to be more than 45,000 in Morris's published text (p. 632).
      13. ^ a b According to Modelski's list of world's largest cities (p. 218), Nippur shares the top with Lagash with 60,000 inhabitants in 2500 BCE, though Table 2 (b) suggests that the population of Nippur is 20,000, the value of which is even lower than those estimated for Mari (50,000); Uruk and Umma (40,000); Memphis, Ebla, Urkesh, and Shuruppak (30,000) (p. 28).
      14. ^ a b c d Girsu (Telloh), the later capital of the state of Lagash, was situated 25 km NW of Lagash (Tell al Hiba), though both sites are frequently referred as Lagash.
      15. ^ a b According to Modelski's list of world's largest cities (p. 218), Girsu shares the top with Mari with 50,000 inhabitants, though Table 2 (b) suggests that the population of Girsu as well as Umma and Mohenjo-daro is 40,000 (p. 28).
      16. ^ a b According to Modelski's list of world's largest cities (p. 218), the population of Girsu for 2300 BCE is estimated as 50,000, which is less than that appears in Table 2 (b) and is the same value with that estimated for Mari (p. 28).
      17. ^ a b c Location uncertain. Maybe west of Sippar.
      18. ^ Morris's list of the largest settlements excludes Ur for 2000 BCE (p. 632), though the supporting material lists Ur sharing the top with Memphis with 60,000 inhabitants.
      19. ^ Modelski's list of world's largest cities (p. 218) excludes Girsu for 2000 BCE, though Table 2 (b) lists Girsu with 40,000 inhabitants (p. 28), sharing the top with Isin and Larsa.
      20. ^ a b c d Interpolated values given by Christopher Chase-Dunn (citypop5.xls) or Chase-Dunn and Willard (oct2k1.xls). These numbers are not given in Chandler's original lists.
      21. ^ a b c d The palace of Pi-Ramses (Qantir) was founded 2 km NE of Avaris (or Hawaret, Tell el-Dab'a), the residential area of which overlaps.
      22. ^ a b c d e When the city first passed 100,000, suggested by Richard Forstall (pp. 541-542).
      23. ^ a b According to Chandler's list of the largest cities (pp. 523-527), Thebes was the largest for 1400-668 BCE, but Memphis was also supposed to be somewhat larger during 1205-1188 (p. 94, p. 460).
      24. ^ a b Qiyi (Qi) is listed as the largest settlement with 35,000 inhabitants in the Morris's published list (p. 632). On the other hand, the supporting material lists Thebes as the maximum settlement with 50,000 inhabitants, while both Luoyang (Luoyi) and Haojing (Feng) are listed as the mamximum settlements in the East with 35,000 inhabitants.
      25. ^ a b Modelski's list of the world's largest cities treats Thebes and Haojing as the top cities with 100,000 inhabitants (p. 218), though the same list on the next page (p. 219) as well as Table 2 (c) place the population of Thebes at 120,000, while that for Haojing as well as Memphis and Babylon at 100,000 (pp. 33-34).
      26. ^ a b c Chandler listed Thebes, Haojing, and Chengzhou (Luoyang) as the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd largest cities (p. 460), though Luoyang is supposed to pass 100,000 in 1000 BCE (p. 541).
      27. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Haojing, which formed the capital of Western Zhou together with Fenghao, was located 15 km SW of Chang'an, the capital of Tang Dynasty as well as the present center of Xi'an. Han capital was located 5 km NW of the center of modern Xi'an. All these sites are now within the sub-provincial city of Xi'an.
      28. ^ a b c d Chengzhou was founded on the east side of the Luo river with Wangzheng on the west side. Both cities were later annexed to form Luoyi (Luoyang), the center of which has often shifted.
      29. ^ According to Modelski's list of world's largest cities (p. 219), the population of Babylon for 700 BCE is estimated as 120,000, which makes Babylon the only city to appear as the largest, while Table 8 (a) shows that Babylon has 100,000 inhabitants in 700 BCE (p. 55).
      30. ^ Modelski's list of world's largest cities (p. 219) excludes Linzi for 500 BCE, though Table 5 (a) lists Linzi with 200,000 inhabitants (p. 41).
      31. ^ The estimated year Sravasti was surpassed by Rajagriha is not given in Chandler and Fox's list (pp. 362-364).
      32. ^ a b According to Chandler's list of the largest cities (pp. 523-527), Pataliputra was the largest for 300 to 195 BCE, but Chang'an is listed as the largest already in 200 BCE (p. 462).
      33. ^ a b Seleucia was founded on the right bank of Tigris opposite to Ctesiphon. Figures for Seleucia include the population of Ctesiphon as a suburb during the Seleucid era and vice versa during the Sassanid era.
      34. ^ a b Seleucia was supposed to stand first briefly just after Antiochus IV overran part of Egypt in 170 BCE, though the precise year Chang'an recovered the lead is not given in Chandler and Fox's list (pp. 362-364).
      35. ^ The population of Rome in AD 200 is estimated at 800,000 in Morris's published text (p. 632), while the supporting material describes 1,000,000.
      36. ^ The population of Rome in AD 400 is estimated at 500,000 in Morris's published text (p. 632), while the supporting material describes 800,000.
      37. ^ The population of Daxing (Chang'an) in AD 600 is estimated at 250,000 in Morris's published text (p. 632), while the supporting material describes 600,000.
      38. ^ a b c Although Chandler and Fox presumed that Baghdad was the world's largest citity from 775 to 935 (p. 363), Chang'an is still listed as the largest in the year 800 (p. 306).
      39. ^ Modelski's list of world's largest cities (p. 219) estimates the population of Baghdad for AD 1000 as 1,500,000, which is much higher than the value listed in Table 8 (b) (1,200,000 inhabitants) (p. 55).
      40. ^ a b c d Although Kaifeng is obscurely treated as the most populous city until 1160 (p. 363), Kaifeng is ranked as the fifth largest city with 175,000 people in 1150, while Constantinople is listed as the largest city (p. 310). Surely Chandler and Fox have mistakenly omitted the statement that Constantinople is briefly the largest after the fall of Kaifeng to the Jurchens.
      41. ^ The population of Hangzhou in AD 1200 is estimated at 800,000 in Morris's published text (p. 632), while the supporting material describes 1,000,000.
      42. ^ The population of Hangzhou in AD 1500 is estimated at 600,000 in Morris's published text (p. 632), while the supporting material describes 678,000.
      43. ^ a b Includes Üsküdar in Asia Minor as a suburb.
      44. ^ According to Morris (p. 483), Edo grew into the world's biggest city by 1720, but the estimated population for Edo is not given.
      45. ^ a b c d e Data from Richard Forstall's table for Rand McNally & Co.
      46. ^ The population of Tokyo in AD 2000 is estimated at 26,7000 in Morris's published text (p. 632), while the supporting material describes 26,400,000.
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      Last modified on 1 April 2013, at 01:16