List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules

      This is a list of molecules that have been detected in the interstellar medium and circumstellar envelopes, grouped by the number of component atoms. The chemical formula is listed for each detected compound, along with any ionized form that has also been observed.

      Detection

      The molecules listed below were detected by spectroscopy. Their spectral features are generated by transitions of component electrons between different energy levels, or by rotational or vibrational spectra. Detection usually occurs in radio, microwave, or infrared portions of the spectrum.[1] The first such molecule to be detected in the interstellar medium was the methylidyne radical (⫶CH) in 1937.[2]

      Interstellar molecules are formed by chemical reactions within very sparse interstellar or circumstellar clouds of dust and gas. Usually this occurs when a molecule becomes ionized, often as the result of an interaction with a cosmic ray. This positively charged molecule then draws in a nearby reactant by electrostatic attraction of the neutral molecule's electrons. Molecules can also be generated by reactions between neutral atoms and molecules, although this process is generally slower.[3] The dust plays a critical role of shielding the molecules from the ionizing effect of ultraviolet radiation emitted by stars.[4]

      A particularly large and rich region for detecting interstellar molecules is Sagittarius B2 (Sgr B2). This giant molecular cloud lies near the center of the Milky Way galaxy and is a frequent target for new searches. About half of the molecules listed below were first found near Sgr B2, and nearly every other molecule has since been detected in this feature.[5] A rich source of investigation for circumstellar molecules is the relatively nearby star CW Leonis (IRC +10216), where about 50 molecules have been identified.[6]

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      Molecules

      The following tables list molecules that have been detected in the interstellar medium, grouped by the number of component atoms. If there is no entry in the Molecule column, only the ionized form has been detected. For molecules where no designation was given in the scientific literature, that field is left empty. Mass is given in Atomic mass units. The total number of unique species, including distinct ionization states, is listed in parentheses in each section header.

      Carbon monoxide is frequently used to trace the distribution of mass in molecular clouds.[7]

      Diatomic (42)

      Molecule Designation Mass Ions
      AlCl Aluminium monochloride[8][9] 62.5 —
      AlF Aluminium monofluoride[8][10] 46 —
      AlO Aluminium monoxide[11] 43 —
      C2 Diatomic carbon[12][13] 24 —
      — Fluoromethylidynium 31 CF+[14]
      CH Methylidyne radical[15] 13 CH+[16]
      CN Cyanogen radical[8][15][17][18] 26 CN+,[19] CN-[20]
      CO Carbon monoxide[8] 28 CO+[21]
      CP Carbon monophosphide[18] 43 —
      CS Carbon monosulfide[8] 44 —
      FeO Iron(II) oxide[22] 82 —
      H2 Molecular hydrogen[23] 2 —
      HCl Hydrogen chloride[24] 36.5 HCl+[25]
      HF Hydrogen fluoride[26] 20 —
      HO Hydroxyl radical[8] 17 OH+[27]
      KCl Potassium chloride[8][9] 75.5 —
      NH Nitrogen monohydride[28][29] 15 —
      N2 Molecular nitrogen[30][31] 28 —
      NO Nitric oxide[32] 30 NO+[19]
      NS Nitrogen sulfide[8] 46 —
      NaCl Sodium chloride[8][9] 58.5 —
      — Magnesium monohydride cation 25.3 MgH+[19]
      NaI Sodium iodide[33] 150 —
      O2 Molecular oxygen[34] 32 —
      PN Phosphorus nitride[35] 45 —
      PO Phosphorus monoxide[36] 47 —
      SH Sulfur monohydride[37] 33 SH+[38]
      SO Sulfur monoxide[8] 48 SO+[16]
      SiC Carborundum[8][39] 40 —
      SiN Silicon mononitride[8] 42 —
      SiO Silicon monoxide[8] 44 —
      SiS Silicon monosulfide[8] 60 —
      TiO Titanium oxide[40] 63.9 —
      The H3+ cation is one of the most abundant ions in the universe. It was first detected in 1993.[3][41]

      Triatomic (41)

      Molecule Designation Mass Ions
      AlNC Aluminium isocyanide[8] 53 —
      AlOH Aluminium hydroxide[42] 44 —
      C3 Tricarbon[13] 36 —
      C2H Ethynyl radical[8][17] 25 —
      C2O Dicarbon monoxide[43] 40 —
      C2S Thioxoethenylidene[44] 56 —
      C2P —[45] 55 —
      CO2 Carbon dioxide[46] 44 —
      FeCN Iron cyanide[47] 82 —
      — Protonated molecular hydrogen 3 H3+[3][41]
      H2C Methylene radical[12] 14 —
      — Chloronium 37.5 H2Cl+[48]
      H2O Water[49] 18 H2O+[50]
      HO2 Hydroperoxyl[51] 33 —
      H2S Hydrogen sulfide[8] 34 —
      HCN Hydrogen cyanide[8][17][52] 27 —
      HNC Hydrogen isocyanide[53] 27 —
      HCO Formyl radical[54] 29 HCO+[16][54][55]
      HCP Phosphaethyne[56] 44 —
      — Thioformyl 45 HCS+[16][55]
      HNC Hydrogen isocyanide[57] 27 —
      — Diazenylium 29 HN2+[55]
      HNO Nitroxyl[58] 31 —
      — Isoformyl 29 HOC+[17]
      KCN Potassium cyanide[8] 65 —
      MgCN Magnesium cyanide[8] 50 —
      MgNC Magnesium isocyanide[8] 50 —
      NH2 Amino radical[59] 16 —
      — — 29 N2H+[16][60]
      N2O Nitrous oxide[61] 44 —
      NaCN Sodium cyanide[8] 49 —
      NaOH Sodium hydroxide[62] 40 —
      OCS Carbonyl sulfide[63] 60 —
      O3 Ozone[64] 48 —
      SO2 Sulfur dioxide[8][65] 64 —
      c-SiC2 c-Silicon dicarbide[8][39] 52 —
      SiCN Silicon carbonitride[66] 54 —
      SiNC Silicon naphthalocyanine[67] 54 —
      TiO2 Titanium dioxide[40] 79.9 —
      Formaldehyde is an organic molecule that is widely distributed in the interstellar medium.[68]

      Four atoms (25)

      Molecule Designation Mass Ions
      CH3 Methyl radical[69] 15 —
      l-C3H Propynylidyne[8][70] 37 l-C3H+[71]
      c-C3H Cyclopropynylidyne[72] 37 —
      C3N Cyanoethynyl[12] 50 C3N−[45]
      C3O Tricarbon monoxide[70] 52 —
      C3S Tricarbon sulfide[8][44] 68 —
      — Hydronium 19 H3O+[73]
      C2H2 Acetylene[74] 26 —
      H2CN methylene amidogen[75] 28 H2CN+[16]
      H2CO Formaldehyde[76] 30 —
      H2CS Thioformaldehyde[77] 46 —
      HCCN —[78] 39 —
      — Protonated hydrogen cyanide 28 HCNH+[55]
      — Protonated carbon dioxide 45 HOCO+[79]
      HCNO Fulminic acid[80] 43 —
      HOCN Cyanic acid[81] 43 —
      HOOH Hydrogen peroxide[82] 34 —
      HNCO Isocyanic acid[65] 43 —
      HNCS Isothiocyanic acid[83] 59 —
      NH3 Ammonia[8][84] 17 —
      HSCN Thiocyanic acid[85] 59 —
      SiC3 Silicon tricarbide[8]  64 —
      Methane, the primary component of natural gas, has also been detected on comets and in the atmosphere of several planets in the Solar System.[86]

      Five atoms (19)

      Molecule Designation Mass Ions
      C5 —[13]  60 —
      CH4 Methane[28][74] 16 —
      CH3O Methoxy radical[87] 31 —
      c-C3H2 Cyclopropenylidene[17][88][89] 38 —
      l-H2C3 Propadienylidene[89] 38 —
      H2CCN Cyanomethyl[79] 40 —
      H2C2O Ketene[65] 42 —
      H2CNH Methylenimine[90] 29 —
      HNCNH Carbodiimide[91] 42 —
      — Protonated formaldehyde 31 H2COH+[92]
      C4H Butadiynyl[8] 49 C4H–[93]
      HC3N Cyanoacetylene[8][17][55][89][94] 51 —
      HCC-NC Isocyanoacetylene[95] 51 —
      HCOOH Formic acid[89] 46 —
      NH2CN Cyanamide[96] 42 —
      HC(O)CN Cyanoformaldehyde[97] 55 —
      SiC4 Silicon-carbide cluster[39] 92 —
      SiH4 Silane[98] 32 —
      In the ISM, formamide (above) can combine with methylene to form acetamide.[99]

      Six atoms (15)

      Molecule Designation Mass Ions
      c-H2C3O Cyclopropenone[99] 54 —
      E-HNCHCN E-Cyanomethanimine[100] 54 —
      C2H4 Ethylene[74] 28 —
      CH3CN Acetonitrile[65][101] 40 —
      CH3NC Methyl isocyanide[101] 40 —
      CH3OH Methanol[65] 32 —
      CH3SH Methanethiol[83] 48 —
      l-H2C4 Diacetylene[8][102] 50 —
      — Protonated cyanoacetylene 52 HC3NH+[55]
      HCONH2 Formamide[99] 44 —
      C5H Pentynylidyne[8][44] 61 —
      C5N Cyanobutadiynyl[103] 74 —
      HC2CHO Propynal[104] 54 —
      HC4N —[8]  63 —
      CH2CNH Ketenimine[88] 40 —
      Acetaldehyde (above) and its isomers vinyl alcohol and ethylene oxide have all been detected in interstellar space.[105]

      Seven atoms (9)

      Molecule Designation Mass Ions
      c-C2H4O Ethylene oxide[106] 44 —
      CH3C2H Methylacetylene[17] 40 —
      H3CNH2 Methylamine[107] 31 —
      CH2CHCN Acrylonitrile[65][101] 53 —
      H2CHCOH Vinyl alcohol[105] 44 —
      C6H Hexatriynyl[8][44] 73 C6H–[89][108]
      HC4CN Cyanodiacetylene[65][94][101] 75 —
      CH3CHO Acetaldehyde[8][106] 44 —
      The radio signature of acetic acid, a compound found in vinegar, was confirmed in 1997.[109]

      Eight atoms (10)

      Molecule Designation Mass
      H3CC2CN Methylcyanoacetylene[110] 65
      H2COHCHO Glycolaldehyde[111] 60
      HCOOCH3 Methyl formate[65][89][111] 60
      CH3COOH Acetic acid[109] 60
      H2C6 Hexapentaenylidene[8][102] 74
      CH2CHCHO Propenal[88] 56
      CH2CCHCN Cyanoallene[88][110] 65
      CH3CHNH Ethanimine[112] 43
      C7H Heptatrienyl radical[113] 85
      NH2CH2CN Aminoacetonitrile[114] 56

      Nine atoms (9)

      Molecule Designation Mass Ions
      CH3C4H Methyldiacetylene[115] 64 —
      CH3OCH3 Dimethyl Ether[116] 46 —
      CH3CH2CN Propionitrile[8][65][89][101] 55 —
      CH3CONH2 Acetamide[88][99] 59 —
      CH3CH2OH Ethyl Alcohol[117] 46 —
      C8H Octatetraynyl[118] 97 C8H–[119]
      HC7N Cyanohexatriyne or Cyanotriacetylene[8][84][120][121] 99 —
      CH3CHCH2 Propylene (propene)[122] 42 —
      Diacetylene, HCCCCH
      Methyldiacetylene, HCCCCCH3
      Cyanotetraacetylene, HCCCCCCCCCN
      A number of polyyne-derived chemicals are among the heaviest molecules found in the interstellar medium.

      Ten or more atoms (17)

      Atoms Molecule Designation Mass Ions
      10 (CH3)2CO Acetone[65][123] 58 —
      10 (CH2OH)2 Ethylene glycol[124][125] 62 —
      10 CH3CH2CHO Propanal[88] 58 —
      10 CH3C5N Methyl-cyano-diacetylene[88] 89 —
      11 HC8CN Cyanotetra-acetylene[8][120] 123 —
      11 C2H5OCHO Ethyl formate[126] 74 —
      11 CH3COOCH3 Methyl acetate[127] 74 —
      11 CH3C6H Methyltriacetylene[88][115] 88 —
      11 H3COC2H5 trans-Ethyl methyl ether[128][128] 60 —
      12 C6H6 Benzene[102] 78 —
      12 C3H7CN n-propyl cyanide[126] 69 —
      13 HC10CN Cyanodecapentayne[120] 147 —
      13 HC11N Cyanopentaacetylene[120] 159 —
      24 C14H10 Anthracene[129] 178 —
      60 C60 Buckminsterfullerene[130] 720 C60+[131][132]
      70 C70 70-fullerene[130] 840 —
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      Deuterated molecules (16)

      These molecules all contain one or more deuterium atoms, a heavier isotope of hydrogen.

      Atoms Molecule Designation
      2 HD Deuterated molecular hydrogen[133][134]
      3 H2D+, HD2+ Trihydrogen cation[133][134]
      3 HDO, D2O Heavy water[135][136]
      3 DCN Hydrogen cyanide[137]
      3 DCO Formyl radical[137]
      3 DNC Hydrogen isocyanide[137]
      3 N2D+ —[137] 
      4 NH2D, NHD2, ND3 Ammonia[134][138][139]
      4 HDCO, D2CO Formaldehyde[134][140]
      7 CH2DCCH, CH3CCD Methylacetylene[141][142]
      ↑Jump back a section

      Unconfirmed (7)

      Evidence for the existence of the following molecules has been reported in scientific literature, but they have not yet been confirmed.

      Atoms Molecule Designation
      2 SiH Silylidine[53]
      4 PH3 Phosphine[143]
      10 H2NH2CCOOH Glycine[17][144]
      12 CO(CH2OH)2 Dihydroxyacetone[145]
      12 C2H5OCH3 Ethyl methyl ether[146]
      18 C10H8+ Naphthalene cation[147]
      24 C24 Graphene[148]
      ↑Jump back a section

      See also

      ↑Jump back a section

      References

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