List of castles in England

(Redirected from List of castles in Essex)

This list of castles in England is not a list of every building and site that has "castle" as part of its name, nor does it list only buildings that conform to a strict definition of a castle as a medieval fortified residence.[1] It is not a list of every castle ever built in England, many of which have vanished without trace, but is primarily a list of buildings and remains that have survived. In almost every case the buildings that survive are either ruined, or have been altered over the centuries. For several reasons, whether a given site is that of a medieval castle has not been taken to be a sufficient criterion for determining whether or not that site should be included in the list.

Windsor Castle, Berkshire

Castles that have vanished or whose remains are barely visible are not listed, except for some important or well-known buildings and sites. Fortifications from before the medieval period are not listed, nor are architectural follies. In other respects it is difficult to identify clear and consistent boundaries between two sets of buildings, comprising those that indisputably belong in a list of castles and those that do not. The criteria adopted for inclusion in the list include such factors as: how much survives from the medieval period; how strongly fortified the building was; how castle-like the surviving building is; whether the building has been given the title of "castle"; how certain it is that a medieval castle stood on the site, or that the surviving remains are those of a medieval castle; how well-known or interesting the building is; and whether including or excluding a building helps make the list, in some measure, more consistent.

In order to establish a list that is as far as possible comprehensive as well as consistent, it is necessary to establish its boundaries. Before the list itself, a discussion of its scope includes lengthy lists of buildings excluded from the main lists for various reasons. The Castellarium Anglicanum, an authoritative index of castles in England and Wales published in 1983, lists over 1,500 castle sites in England.[2] Many of these castles have vanished or left almost no trace. The present list includes more than 800 medieval castles of which there are visible remains, with over 300 having substantial surviving stone or brick remains.

History

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The Tower of London

A castle is a type of fortified structure, developed in Europe during the Middle Ages. The first castles appeared in France in the 10th century,[3] and in England during the 11th century. A few castles are known to have been built in England before the Normans invaded in 1066;[4] a great many were built in the years following, the principal mechanism by means of which the Normans were able to consolidate their control over the country.[5] Whilst a few important castles, such as the White Tower in the Tower of London, were built of stone, most early castles were motte-and-bailey castles of earthwork and timber, which could be constructed quickly. Some were later rebuilt in stone,[6] but there are a great many castle sites in England where all that is visible today are traces of earthworks.[7]

Castles continued to be built in England for several hundred years, reaching a peak of military sophistication in the late 13th century.[8] The two principal elements in their construction were the great tower or keep, such as the White Tower, and the fortified enclosure, such as is provided by the outer wall of the Tower of London. During the 14th century, largely as a result of the decline of feudalism,[9] the construction of strong castles began to decline, in favour of more lightly fortified structures often described as fortified manor houses.[10] In the far north of England, where conditions remained unsettled, fortified buildings continued to be built as late as the 16th century, not only by the rich and powerful but by any with adequate means, as defence not against great armies, but against the notorious Border Reivers. Many took the form of the pele tower, a smaller, more modest version of the castle keep,[11] and many of these still survive, often incorporated in later buildings.

 
Pendennis Castle, Cornwall: a 16th-century Henrician Castle

Castles differed from earlier fortifications in that they were generally private fortified residences. Typically, a castle was the residence of a feudal lord, providing the owner with a secure base from which to control his lands,[12] and also a symbol of wealth and power. Earlier fortified structures, such as the Saxon burh or the Iron Age hillfort, provided public or communal defences,[13] as did medieval town or city walls. The many Roman forts of which ruins survive in Britain differed in being wholly military in nature; they were camps or strongholds of the Roman army. The Romans also built town or city walls in England, which can still be seen, for instance at Silchester.

By the 16th century the role of fortifications had changed once more with the development of artillery capable of breaching even thick stone walls. In the reign of Henry VIII, fears of invasion[14] led to the building of a series of new fortresses along the south coast of England,[15] known as the Device Forts or Henrician Castles. These were designed to use and to defend against artillery, and since they were not private residences, but national fortifications, they do not possess what architectural historians have come to see as the defining characteristics of a castle.[16] Nonetheless, they are visibly castle-like, being compact, with battlemented walls, squat turrets and sometimes a keep; and they were the last generation of fortresses in England to be known as castles, long before architectural historians began to argue that they should not be.[17] One of them, Pendennis Castle, was one of the last Royalist strongholds to fall to the Parliamentarians during the English Civil War—starvation forcing surrender after a siege of five months.[18]

 
Herstmonceux Castle, East Sussex

As the role of the castle as a fortress declined in the later medieval period, its role as a residence increasingly became the more important. Castles such as Herstmonceux were built with fortifications seemingly designed more for show than for strength,[19] implying a further evolution in the role and concept of the castle, becoming less a means of enforcing power but instead a symbol of its possession, a castle becoming a grand residence proclaiming the status of its owner. Once fortifications had become altogether redundant, it became increasingly rare in England for new buildings to be described as castles, in contrast to France, where country houses continued to be known as châteaux.

Once no longer needed as fortresses, castles – if they were not abandoned – were, over the centuries, adapted and modernised to make them more suitable for continued use as residences:[20] large windows were inserted in defensive walls, as at Lumley; outer walls were demolished or lowered to open up views from within, as at Raby; new residential ranges were built to improve and extend accommodation, as at Windsor. Some castles were restored after falling into ruin, like Bamburgh;[21] others, like Belvoir, were demolished and rebuilt, retaining little or none of the original structure.[22] In the 18th and 19th centuries especially, many castles underwent "improvements" by architects such as Anthony Salvin, and in this period a fashion developed for entirely new houses to be built in the style of castles, and to be known as castles.[23][24] Amongst these was Peckforton Castle, built by Salvin: a building so authentic in its recreation of a medieval castle that it has been described as possibly the last serious fortified home built in Britain.[25]

 
Peckforton Castle, Cheshire, with Beeston Castle in the distance

Scope and exclusions

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No list of castles in England is ever likely to be complete, because there will never be complete agreement in every case as to whether the remains of a building are those of a castle, whether a given place is the site of a castle, or whether a surviving building should be considered to be a castle.[26]

Perhaps because the castle has become the most familiar type of fortification, many sites of fortifications earlier than the 10th century have become known as castles. Most of these are Iron Age hill forts. Amongst the best known are Abbotsbury Castle, Barbury Castle, Bratton Castle, Cadbury Castle, Castle Dore, Chûn Castle, Liddington Castle, Maen Castle, Maiden Castle and Uffington Castle,[27] whilst many more appear in the List of hillforts in England. Others, such as Melandra Castle, Reculver Castle, Richborough Castle and Whitley Castle, are Roman forts, whilst Daw's Castle is a Saxon burh.[27] None of these is included in the present list unless it is also the site of a medieval castle, as is the case with, for instance, Portchester Castle, where an imposing castle was built within the surviving walls of the Roman fort.[28]

 
Portchester Castle, Hampshire: Roman walls and medieval keep

Nor are all medieval fortified sites included in the present list. The remains of town and city walls are excluded—most of these appear in the List of town walls in England and Wales. Also excluded are churches with defensive towers, such as Ancroft, Burgh by Sands, Edlingham, Garway, Great Salkeld and Newton Arlosh, as well as other fortified ecclesiastical sites such as Alnwick Abbey, Battle Abbey, Thornton Abbey, Wetheral Priory, Whalley Abbey and St Mary's Abbey, York. Some of the pele towers of Northern England are included, but the more modest fortified buildings known as bastles are not, though the distinction between them is not always altogether clear. Amongst fortified manor houses, those given the title of castle are included, whilst many others were more lightly fortified and are excluded. Amongst these are Baddesley Clinton, Cowdray House, Farnhill Hall, Hipswell Hall, Ightham Mote, Little Wenham Hall, Markenfield Hall and Walburn Hall.[29]

The list includes pele towers that became known as castles, or preserve a castle-like aspect. Many others, or their remains, survive much altered—incorporated in later country houses or farmhouses, and are excluded. Amongst these are: Aske Hall, Biddlestone RC Chapel, Bolling Hall, Bolton Old Hall, Boltongate Rectory, Causey Park House, Clennell Hall, Cliburn Hall, Corbridge Low Hall, Cowmire Hall, Craster Arms (Beadnell), Croglin Old Pele, Denton Hall, Dovenby Hall, Dunstan Hall, East Shaftoe Hall, Godmond Hall, Great Salkeld Rectory, Hardrigg Hall, Hepscott Hall, Hetton Hall, Hollin Hall, Hutton Hall (Penrith), Irton Hall, Johnby Hall, Killington Hall, Kirkoswald College, Levens Hall, Little Harle Tower, Nether Hall, Netherby Hall, Ormside Hall, Pockerley Pele, Preston Patrick Hall, Randalholme Hall, Rock Hall, Rudchester Hall, Sella Park, Selside Hall, Skelsmergh Hall, Smardale Hall, Thistlewood Farmhouse, Warnell Hall, Weetwood Hall and Witton Tower.[29]

In the post-medieval period, the distinction between true castles and later mock castles is blurred by the extent to which medieval castles were adapted and rebuilt. At Greystoke a new castle was built incorporating a medieval pele tower;[30] at Thurland a new castle was built from the ruins of the old;[31] at Belvoir the old castle was demolished and a new one built.[22] The building of mock castles might be seen as the logical conclusion of a process already apparent in castles such as Herstmonceux or Tattershall, where the castle-like aspect of the building was becoming more for show than for strength.[19]

 
Wentworth Castle: not a castle but a country house

Amongst post-medieval buildings in England that are known as castles, a few, such as Peckforton Castle, closely resemble medieval castles. Many others, such as Clearwell Castle, have some castle-like features, and some, like Mereworth Castle, bear no resemblance whatsoever to a castle. The list excludes buildings that neither look like castles, nor incorporate the remains of castles. Amongst these are Bolebroke Castle, Bovey Castle, Bruce Castle, Castle Ashby, Castle Howard, Clifton Castle, Highclere Castle, Mereworth Castle, New Wardour Castle, Sherborne Castle, Wentworth Castle, and Wisbech Castle.[32] Many other buildings with some castle-like features are also excluded. Amongst these are Acton Castle, Allerton Castle, Augill Castle, Avon Castle, Bell's Castle, Bolesworth Castle, Bude Castle, Castle Eden Castle, Castle Goring, Cave Castle, Cholmondeley Castle, Clearwell Castle, Cliffe Castle, Coates Castle, Creech Castle, Droskyn Castle, Edmond Castle, Enmore Castle, Ewell Castle, Farleigh Castle, Farley Castle, Fillingham Castle, Hatherop Castle, Headingley Castle, Highcliffe Castle, Hilfield Castle, Kenwith Castle, Kirby Knowle Castle, Knepp Castle, Luscombe Castle, Midford Castle, Mulgrave Castle, Otterburn Tower, Pentillie Castle, Reeve Castle, Ryde Castle, St. Clare Castle, Sibdon Castle, Sneaton Castle, Stanhope Castle, Studley Castle, Swinton Castle, The Citadel (Weston-under-Redcastle), Tregenna Castle, Vanbrugh Castle, Wadhurst Castle, Wattisham Castle, Whitehaven Castle, Whitstable Castle, Willersley Castle, and Willsbridge Castle.[32] Amongst those that have been demolished is Steephill Castle.

Artificial ruins and follies, often built as memorials or landscape features, are also excluded. Amongst these are Appley Tower, Black Castle, Bladon Castle, Blaise Castle, Bollitree Castle, Boston Castle, Braylsham Castle, Broadway Tower, Carr Hall Castle, Castlebourne, Clent Castle, Clopton Tower, Dinton Castle, Doyden Castle, Dunstall Castle, Durlston Castle, Fort Putnam, Hadlow Castle, Castle in Hagley Park Lawrence Castle, Long's Park Castle, Mow Cop Castle, Mowbray Castle, Pirton Castle, Radford Castle, Radway Tower, Ragged Castle (Badminton), Rivington Castle, Rodborough Fort, Ross Castle, Rothley Castle, Roundhay Castle, Sebergham Castle, Severndroog Castle, Shaldon Castle, Sham Castle (Bath), Sledmere Castle, Speedwell Castle, Stainborough Castle, Starlight Castle, Stowe Castle, Strattenborough Castle, Sundorne Castle, Toll House (Clevedon) and Wyke Castle.[32] Finally, the 16th-century Henrician Castles, whose design was closely inspired by medieval castles, are included, but later military fortifications—with just a few exceptions—are not.

 
Red Lion Tower, Haltwhistle

However carefully the criteria for including a building or site on this list are set out, borderline cases are inevitable. Many buildings known to incorporate northern pele towers in their fabric, but are no longer castle-like—such as the Red Lion Tower in Haltwhistle—have been excluded. On the other hand, Corby Castle, in which a pele tower survives wholly encased in a later building,[33] is included because it is known as a castle, and by implication continued to fulfil the role of one, at least in part. Kimbolton Castle is included as the site of a medieval castle, and because the present mansion has a castellated aspect in deference to the medieval castle it replaced.

Key
  Accessible open space
  Castle open to the public
  English Heritage
  Historic House open to the public
  Museum
  National Trust
NGS Private, grounds open under the National Gardens Scheme
Name Usually the name of the surviving building, but not always—for instance the remains of the historic Bampton Castle were incorporated in a later building known as Ham Court
Type Usually the type of castle represented by the predominant surviving fortified remains
Date Usually the dates of the principal building works relating to the surviving remains
Condition An indication as to what remains of the original castle structure
Image The building or site as it currently exists
Ownership
/ Access
Brief information relating to the current ownership or use of the site, an icon signifying that the site is frequently open to the public

Bedfordshire

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Castles of which only earthworks, fragments or nothing remains include:[2]

Bedford Castle was demolished after a well-documented eight-week siege by Henry III, with around 2000 men, in 1224.[34]

Name Type Date Condition Image Ownership / Access Notes
Someries Castle Fortified manor house 15th century Fragmentary remains     Brick, unfinished, ruined gatehouse and chapel survive.[35]

Berkshire

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Castles of which only earthworks, fragments or nothing remains include:[2]

Name Type Date Condition Image Ownership / Access Notes
Donnington Castle Castle c. 1386 Fragment     Built by Richard Abberbury the Elder, destroyed during the English Civil War, gatehouse survives.[36]
Windsor Castle Keep and bailey 12th–19th centuries Intact   Royal palace Restored and extended by James Wyatt and Jeffry Wyattville, 1800–30.[37]

Bristol

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Castles of which only vestiges remain include:[2]

Buckinghamshire

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Castles of which only earthworks, fragments or nothing remains include:[2]

Name Type Date Condition Image Ownership / Access Notes
Boarstall Tower Fortified manor house c. 1312 Fragment     Moated site, gatehouse survives, altered in the 16–17th centuries, converted to house 20th century.[38]

Cambridgeshire

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Castles of which only earthworks, fragments or nothing remains include:[2]

Cheshire

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Castles of which only earthworks, fragments or nothing remains include:[2]

County Durham

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Castles of which only earthworks or vestiges remain include:[2]

Cornwall

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Castles of which little or nothing remains include:[2]

Cumbria

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Castles of which only earthworks, vestiges or no traces remain include:[2]

Derbyshire

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Castles of which only earthworks, vestiges or no traces remain include:[2]

Devon

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Castles of which only earthworks or vestiges remain include:[2][145]

Dorset

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Castles of which only earthworks, fragments or nothing remains include:[2]

East Riding of Yorkshire

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Castles of which only earthworks, fragments or nothing remains include:[2]

East Sussex

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Castles of which little or nothing remains include:[2]

Essex

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Castles of which only earthworks remain include:[2]

Pleshey Castle is a good example of a motte-and-bailey castle: only earthworks and a medieval brick bridge remain.[185]

Gloucestershire

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Castles of which only earthworks, fragments or nothing remains include:[2]

Greater London

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Castles of which no traces remain include:[2]

The table does not include The White House, a replica of a Polish palace in London.[195]

Greater Manchester

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Castles of which only earthworks, fragments or nothing remains include:[2]

Hampshire

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Castles of which only earthworks or vestiges remain include:[2]

Herefordshire

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Castles of which little or no traces remain include:[2]

Ewyas Harold Castle is recorded in the Domesday Book and was probably built c. 1048.[206]

Hertfordshire

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Castles of which only earthworks, fragments or nothing remains include:[2]

Isle of Wight

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Castles of which little or nothing remains include:[2]

Isles of Scilly

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Castles of which only vestiges remain include:[2]

Kent

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Castles of which little or nothing remains include:[2]

Lancashire

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Castles of which only earthworks or vestiges remain include:[2]

Leicestershire

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Castles of which only earthworks or vestiges remain include:[2]

Lincolnshire

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Castles of which only earthworks or vestiges remain include:[2]

Goltho Castle was built on the site of a Saxon fortified dwelling of c. 850, established by excavation.[270]

Merseyside

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Castles of which little or no traces remain include:[2]

Norfolk

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Castles of which only earthworks or vestiges remain include:[2]

The surviving motte of Thetford Castle is one of the highest in England,[282] about 80 ft (24 m) high.[283]

Northamptonshire

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Castles of which little or no traces remain include:[2]

Fotheringhay Castle was the scene of the trial and execution of Mary, Queen of Scots in 1587.[293]

Northumberland

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Castles of which little or nothing remains include:[2]

North Yorkshire

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Castles of which little remains include:[2]

Nottinghamshire

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Castles of which little remains include:[2]

Oxfordshire

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Castles of which little or nothing remains include:[2]

Rutland

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Castles of which little or nothing remains include:[2]

Shropshire

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Castles of which only earthworks or vestiges remain include:[2]

Somerset

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Castles of which only earthworks or no traces remain include:[2]

South Yorkshire

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Castles of which only earthworks, fragments or nothing remains include:[2]

Staffordshire

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Castles of which little or nothing remains include:[2]

[420]

Suffolk

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Castles of which only earthworks or no traces remain include:[2]

Surrey

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Castles of which only little or no traces remain include:[2]

Tyne and Wear

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Castles of which little remains include:[2]

Warwickshire

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Castles of which only earthworks or vestiges remain include:[2]

West Midlands

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Castles of which little or no traces remain include:[2]

West Sussex

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Castles of which only little or no traces remain include:[2]

West Yorkshire

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Castles of which only earthworks or no traces remain include:[2]

Wiltshire

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Castles of which only little or no traces remain include:[2]

Worcestershire

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Castles of which only earthworks remain include:[2]

See also

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References

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Key to sources
  • BLB – British Listed Buildings website (retrieved March 2011; last accessed 5 October 2012)
  • PSC – Pastscape website (retrieved September 2011; last accessed 5 October 2012)
  1. ^ Brown (1962), p.16.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw King (1983).
  3. ^ Brown (1962), p.24.
  4. ^ Brown (1962), p.43.
  5. ^ Brown (1962), p.50.
  6. ^ Brown (1962), p.84
  7. ^ Higham & Barker (1992), pp.194–198.
  8. ^ Brown (1962), p.95.
  9. ^ Brown (1962), p.221.
  10. ^ Brown (1962), p.129.
  11. ^ Brown (1962), p.131.
  12. ^ Brown (1962), p.172.
  13. ^ Brown (1962), p.15.
  14. ^ Elton (1991), p.154.
  15. ^ Harrington (2007), p.8.
  16. ^ Brown (1962), p.128.
  17. ^ Harrington (2007), p.2.
  18. ^ a b "Pendennis Castle" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  19. ^ a b Brown (1962), p.146.
  20. ^ Creighton & Higham (2003), p.64.
  21. ^ a b "Bamburgh Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  22. ^ a b c "Belvoir Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  23. ^ Thompson (1987), pp.161–163.
  24. ^ Impey & Parnell (2000), pp.118–121.
  25. ^ a b "Peckforton Castle" Archived 2011-07-10 at the Wayback Machine BLB.
  26. ^ Renn (1984) pp.277–278. See King (1988), p.173 for how some people criticised the inclusion of Henry VIII's artillery forts in King's index of castles, Castellarium Anglicanum.
  27. ^ a b "PastScape - information on England's archaeology and architecture". pastscape.org.uk. Archived from the original on 26 April 2015. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
  28. ^ a b "Portchester Castle" Archived 2015-06-26 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  29. ^ a b "Gatehouse; a Comprehensive Listing of the Medieval Fortifications of England and Wales". gatehouse-gazetteer.info. Archived from the original on 16 October 2017. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
  30. ^ "Greystoke Castle " Archived 2012-10-08 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  31. ^ a b "Thurland Castle" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  32. ^ a b c "British Listed Buildings". britishlistedbuildings.co.uk. Archived from the original on 4 March 2018. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
  33. ^ a b "Corby Castle " Archived 2011-08-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  34. ^ "Bedford Castle" Archived 2012-10-08 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  35. ^ "Someries Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  36. ^ "Donnington Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  37. ^ "Windsor Castle" Archived 2012-01-27 at the Wayback Machine BLB.
  38. ^ "Boarstall Tower" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  39. ^ "Buckden Palace" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  40. ^ "Elton Hall" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  41. ^ "Kimbolton Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  42. ^ "Kirtling Tower" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  43. ^ "Longthorpe Tower" Archived 2011-10-02 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  44. ^ "Northborough Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  45. ^ "Woodcroft Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  46. ^ "Beeston Castle" Archived 2012-03-10 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  47. ^ "Chester Castle" Archived 2012-03-10 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  48. ^ "Delves Hall" Archived 2012-02-25 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  49. ^ "Halton Castle" Archived 2012-03-10 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  50. ^ "Auckland Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  51. ^ "Barnard Castle" Archived 2012-10-02 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  52. ^ "Bowes Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  53. ^ "Brancepeth Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  54. ^ "Durham Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  55. ^ "Lambton Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  56. ^ "Lumley Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  57. ^ "Mortham Tower" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  58. ^ "Raby Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  59. ^ "Lambton Castle" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  60. ^ "Scargill Castle" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  61. ^ "Walworth Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  62. ^ "Witton Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  63. ^ "Caerhays Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  64. ^ "Carn Brea Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  65. ^ "Ince Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  66. ^ "Launceston Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  67. ^ "Pengersick Castle" Archived 2012-09-27 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  68. ^ "Place House" Archived 2012-10-04 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  69. ^ "Restormel Castle" Archived 2012-09-29 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  70. ^ "St. Catherine's Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  71. ^ "St. Mawes Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  72. ^ "St. Michael's Mount" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  73. ^ "Tintagel Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  74. ^ "Trematon Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  75. ^ "Appleby Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  76. ^ "Armathwaite Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  77. ^ "Arnside Tower" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  78. ^ "Askerton Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  79. ^ "Beetham Hall" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  80. ^ "Bewcastle Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  81. ^ "Bewley Castle" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  82. ^ "Blencow Hall" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  83. ^ "Brackenburgh Old Tower" Archived 2012-10-03 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  84. ^ "Brackenhill Tower" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  85. ^ "Branthwaite Hall" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  86. ^ "Brough Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  87. ^ "Brougham Castle" Archived 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  88. ^ "Brougham Hall" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  89. ^ "Broughton Tower" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  90. ^ "Burneside Hall" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  91. ^ "Carlisle Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  92. ^ "Catterlen Hall" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  93. ^ "Clifton Hall" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  94. ^ "Cockermouth Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  95. ^ "Dacre Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  96. ^ "Dalston Hall" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  97. ^ "Dalton Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  98. ^ "Drawdykes Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  99. ^ "Drumburgh Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  100. ^ "Egremont Castle Listing".
  101. ^ "Gleaston Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  102. ^ "Greystoke Castle" Archived 2012-10-08 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  103. ^ "Harbybrow Tower" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  104. ^ "Hayton Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  105. ^ "Hazelslack Tower" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  106. ^ "Howgill Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  107. ^ "Hutton-in-the-Forest" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  108. ^ "Hutton John" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  109. ^ "Ingmire Hall" Archived 2012-10-04 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  110. ^ "Isel Hall" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  111. ^ "Kendal Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  112. ^ "Kentmere Hall" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  113. ^ "Kirkandrews Tower" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  114. ^ "Linstock Castle" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  115. ^ "Lowther Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  116. ^ "Middleton Hall" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  117. ^ "Millom Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  118. ^ "Muncaster Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  119. ^ "Naworth Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  120. ^ "Newbiggin Hall" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  121. ^ "Pendragon Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  122. ^ "Penrith Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  123. ^ "Piel Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  124. ^ "Prior's Tower" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  125. ^ "Rose Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  126. ^ "Scaleby Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  127. ^ "Sizergh Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  128. ^ "Toppin Castle" Archived 2012-01-18 at the Wayback Machine BLB.
  129. ^ "Ubarrow Hall" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  130. ^ "Wharton Hall" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  131. ^ "Whitehall, Allhallows" Archived 2012-01-19 at the Wayback Machine BLB.
  132. ^ Emery (1996), p.256.
  133. ^ "Workington Hall" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  134. ^ "Wray Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  135. ^ "Wraysholme Tower" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  136. ^ "Yanwath Hall" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  137. ^ "Bolsover Castle" Archived 2015-06-30 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  138. ^ "Codnor Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  139. ^ "Elvaston Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  140. ^ "Haddon Hall" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  141. ^ "Mackworth Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  142. ^ "Peveril Castle" Archived 2012-09-24 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  143. ^ "Riber Castle" Archived 2010-09-27 at the Wayback Machine BLB.
  144. ^ "Wingfield Manor" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  145. ^ Higham (1988), p.143.
  146. ^ "Affeton Castle" Archived 2012-01-18 at the Wayback Machine BLB.
  147. ^ "Berry Pomeroy Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  148. ^ "Bickleigh Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  149. ^ "Compton Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  150. ^ "Dartmouth Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  151. ^ "Castle Drogo" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  152. ^ "Gidleigh Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  153. ^ "Hemyock Castle" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  154. ^ "Kingswear Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  155. ^ "Lydford Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  156. ^ "Marisco Castle" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  157. ^ "Okehampton Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  158. ^ "Plympton Castle" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  159. ^ "Powderham Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  160. ^ "Rougemont Castle" Archived 2015-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  161. ^ "Salcombe Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  162. ^ "Tiverton Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  163. ^ "Totnes Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  164. ^ "Watermouth Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  165. ^ "Brownsea Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  166. ^ "Christchurch Castle" Archived 2012-09-29 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  167. ^ "Corfe Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  168. ^ "Lulworth Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  169. ^ "Pennsylvania Castle" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  170. ^ "Portland Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  171. ^ "Rufus Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  172. ^ Historic England. "Sandsfoot Castle (1020062)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
  173. ^ "Sherborne Old Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  174. ^ "Woodsford Castle" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  175. ^ "Paull Holme Tower" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  176. ^ "Skipsea Castle" Archived 2016-03-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  177. ^ "Wressle Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  178. ^ "Bodiam Castle" Archived 2012-09-26 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  179. ^ "Camber Castle" Archived 2016-03-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  180. ^ "Hastings Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  181. ^ "Herstmonceux Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  182. ^ "Lewes Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  183. ^ "Pevensey Castle" Archived 2015-05-18 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  184. ^ "Ypres Tower" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  185. ^ "Pleshey Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  186. ^ "Colchester Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  187. ^ "Hadleigh Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  188. ^ "Hedingham Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  189. ^ "Walden Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  190. ^ "Berkeley Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  191. ^ "Beverstone Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  192. ^ "St. Briavel's Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  193. ^ "Sudeley Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  194. ^ "Thornbury Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  195. ^ "About Us – Our History | the White house". Archived from the original on 30 March 2017. Retrieved 29 March 2017.
  196. ^ "White Tower" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  197. ^ "Radcliffe Tower" Archived 2008-05-24 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  198. ^ "Calshot Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  199. ^ "Hurst Castle" Archived 2016-06-08 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  200. ^ "Netley Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  201. ^ "Odiham Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  202. ^ "Southampton Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  203. ^ "Southsea Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  204. ^ "Winchester Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  205. ^ "Wolvesey Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  206. ^ "Ewyas Harold Castle" Archived 2012-10-08 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  207. ^ "Brampton Bryan Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  208. ^ "Clifford Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  209. ^ "Croft Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  210. ^ "Downton Castle" Archived 2012-01-29 at the Wayback Machine BLB.
  211. ^ "Eastnor Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  212. ^ "Goodrich Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  213. ^ "Hampton Court" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  214. ^ "Kentchurch Court" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  215. ^ "Kinnersley Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  216. ^ "Longtown Castle" Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  217. ^ "Pembridge Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  218. ^ "Snodhill Castle" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  219. ^ "Treago Castle" Archived 2016-03-12 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  220. ^ "Wigmore Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  221. ^ "Wilton Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  222. ^ "Defending the Castle". Archived from the original on 9 October 2014. Retrieved 10 February 2015.
  223. ^ "Berkhamsted Castle" Archived 2012-09-29 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  224. ^ "Hertford Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  225. ^ "Carisbrooke Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  226. ^ "Norris Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  227. ^ "Yarmouth Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  228. ^ "West Cowes Castle" Archived 2016-03-10 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  229. ^ "Cromwell's Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  230. ^ "Star Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  231. ^ "Allington Castle" Archived 2015-07-22 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  232. ^ "Canterbury Castle" Archived 2012-02-25 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  233. ^ "Chiddingstone Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  234. ^ "Chilham Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  235. ^ "Cooling Castle" Archived 2015-07-11 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  236. ^ "Deal Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  237. ^ "Dover Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  238. ^ "Eynsford Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  239. ^ "Hever Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  240. ^ "Kingsgate Castle" Archived 2011-11-13 at the Wayback Machine BLB.
  241. ^ "Leeds Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  242. ^ "Leybourne Castle" Archived 2012-04-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  243. ^ "Lullingstone Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  244. ^ "Lympne Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  245. ^ "Otford Palace 1" Archived 2015-10-16 at the Wayback Machine "Otford Palace 2" Archived 2014-09-03 at the Wayback Machine BLB.
  246. ^ "Penshurst Place" Archived 2012-01-28 at the Wayback Machine BLB.
  247. ^ Brown (1962), p.69.
  248. ^ "Rochester Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  249. ^ "St. Leonard's Tower" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  250. ^ "Saltwood Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  251. ^ "Sandgate Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  252. ^ "Scotney Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  253. ^ "Sissinghurst Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  254. ^ "Starkey Castle" Archived 2012-01-18 at the Wayback Machine BLB.
  255. ^ "Stone Castle" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  256. ^ "Sutton Valence Castle" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  257. ^ "Tonbridge Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  258. ^ "Upnor Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  259. ^ "Walmer Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  260. ^ "Westenhanger Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  261. ^ "Ashton Hall" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  262. ^ "Borwick Hall" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  263. ^ "Clitheroe Castle" Archived 2012-09-30 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  264. ^ "Hornby Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  265. ^ "Lancaster Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  266. ^ "Turton Tower" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  267. ^ "Ashby de la Zouch Castle" Archived 2015-12-16 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  268. ^ "Kirby Muxloe Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  269. ^ "Leicester Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  270. ^ "Goltho Castle" Archived 2012-10-08 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  271. ^ "Bolingbroke Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  272. ^ "Grimsthorpe Castle" Archived 2012-10-01 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  273. ^ "Hussey Tower" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  274. ^ "Kyme Tower" Archived 2012-10-02 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  275. ^ "Lincoln Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  276. ^ "Rochford Tower" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  277. ^ "Somerton Castle" Archived 2012-09-30 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  278. ^ "Tattershall Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  279. ^ "Torksey Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  280. ^ "Brimstage Hall" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  281. ^ "Leasowe Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  282. ^ Brown (1962), p.59.
  283. ^ "Thetford Castle" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  284. ^ "Baconsthorpe Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  285. ^ "Burgh Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  286. ^ "Caister Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  287. ^ "Castle Acre Castle" Archived 2016-02-01 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  288. ^ "Castle Rising Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  289. ^ "Claxton Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  290. ^ "Norwich Castle" Archived 2010-12-30 at Wikiwix PSC.
  291. ^ "Oxburgh Hall" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  292. ^ "Weeting Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  293. ^ "Fotheringhay Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  294. ^ "Astwell Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  295. ^ "Barnwell Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  296. ^ "Rockingham Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  297. ^ "Thorpe Waterville Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  298. ^ "Alnham Vicars Pele" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  299. ^ "Alnwick Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  300. ^ "Aydon Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  301. ^ "Barmoor Castle" Archived 2012-01-18 at the Wayback Machine BLB.
  302. ^ "Beaufront Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  303. ^ "Bellister Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  304. ^ "Belsay Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  305. ^ "Berwick Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  306. ^ "Bitchfield Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  307. ^ "Blenkinsop Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  308. ^ "Bothal Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  309. ^ "Bywell Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  310. ^ "Callaly Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  311. ^ "Cartington Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  312. ^ "Chillingham Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  313. ^ "Chipchase Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  314. ^ "Cocklaw Tower" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  315. ^ "Cockle Park Tower" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  316. ^ "Corbridge Vicar's Pele" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  317. ^ "Coupland Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  318. ^ "Craster Tower" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  319. ^ "Crawley Tower" Archived 2012-10-04 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  320. ^ "Cresswell Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  321. ^ "Dilston Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  322. ^ "Dunstanburgh Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  323. ^ "Edlingham Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  324. ^ "Elsdon Tower" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  325. ^ "Embleton Tower" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  326. ^ "Etal Castle" Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  327. ^ "Featherstone Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  328. ^ "Ford Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  329. ^ "Halton Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  330. ^ "Harbottle Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  331. ^ "Haughton Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  332. ^ "Hexham Moot Hall" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  333. ^ "Hexham Old Gaol" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  334. ^ "Horsley Tower" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  335. ^ "Langley Castle" Archived 2015-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  336. ^ "Lemmington Hall" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  337. ^ "Lindisfarne Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  338. ^ "Mitford Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  339. ^ "Morpeth Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  340. ^ "Norham Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  341. ^ "Preston Tower" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  342. ^ "Prior Castell's Tower" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  343. ^ "Prudhoe Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  344. ^ "Shilbottle Tower" Archived 2012-10-04 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  345. ^ "Shortflatt Tower" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  346. ^ "Thirlwall Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  347. ^ "Warkworth Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  348. ^ "Whittingham Tower" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  349. ^ "Whitton Tower" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  350. ^ "Ayton Castle" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  351. ^ "Barden Tower" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  352. ^ "Bolton Castle" Archived 2011-10-02 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  353. ^ "Cawood Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  354. ^ "Clifford's Tower" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  355. ^ "Crayke Castle" Archived 2012-01-18 at the Wayback Machine BLB.
  356. ^ "Danby Castle" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  357. ^ "Gilling Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  358. ^ "Hazlewood Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  359. ^ "Hellifield Peel" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  360. ^ "Helmsley Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  361. ^ "Hornby Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  362. ^ "Knaresborough Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  363. ^ "Marmion Tower" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  364. ^ "Middleham Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  365. ^ "Old Mulgrave Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  366. ^ "Nappa Hall" Archived 2012-01-18 at the Wayback Machine BLB.
  367. ^ "Pickering Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  368. ^ "Ravensworth Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  369. ^ "Richmond Castle" Archived 2012-04-18 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  370. ^ "Ripley Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  371. ^ "Scarborough Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  372. ^ "Sheriff Hutton Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  373. ^ "Skelton Castle" Archived 2011-01-09 at the Wayback Machine BLB.
  374. ^ "Skipton Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  375. ^ "Snape Castle" Archived 2012-01-27 at the Wayback Machine BLB.
  376. ^ "South Cowton Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  377. ^ "Spofforth Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  378. ^ "Whorlton Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  379. ^ "Wilton Castle" Archived 2012-01-27 at the Wayback Machine BLB.
  380. ^ "Halloughton Manor House" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  381. ^ "Newark Castle" Archived 2015-10-18 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  382. ^ "Nottingham Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  383. ^ "Bampton Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  384. ^ "Broughton Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  385. ^ "Hanwell Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  386. ^ Blair (1998), p.137.
  387. ^ "Greys Court" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  388. ^ "Shirburn Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  389. ^ "Wallingford Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  390. ^ "Oakham Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  391. ^ "Acton Burnell Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  392. ^ "Alberbury Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  393. ^ "Bridgnorth Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  394. ^ "Broncroft Castle" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  395. ^ "Cheney Longville Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  396. ^ "Clun Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  397. ^ "Hopton Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  398. ^ "Ludlow Castle" Archived 2015-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  399. ^ "Moreton Corbet Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  400. ^ "Quatford Castle" Archived 2012-01-20 at the Wayback Machine BLB.
  401. ^ "Red Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  402. ^ "Rowton Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  403. ^ "Shrewsbury Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  404. ^ "Stokesay Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  405. ^ "Wattlesborough Castle" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  406. ^ "Whittington Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  407. ^ "Banwell Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  408. ^ Buildings of England, Somerset: South & West (1958) ISBN 978-0-300-09644-6.
  409. ^ "Dunster Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  410. ^ "Farleigh Hungerford Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  411. ^ "Newton St Loe" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  412. ^ "Nunney Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  413. ^ "Stogursey Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  414. ^ "Sutton Court" Archived 2012-10-04 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  415. ^ "Taunton Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  416. ^ "Walton Castle" Archived 2012-10-02 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  417. ^ "Wells Bishop's Palace" Archived 2012-01-27 at the Wayback Machine BLB.
  418. ^ "Conisbrough Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  419. ^ "Tickhill Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  420. ^ "Geograph:: Newcastle Under Lyme Castle Remains © Brian Deegan". geograph.org.uk. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
  421. ^ "Alton Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  422. ^ "Caverswall Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  423. ^ "Chartley Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  424. ^ "Eccleshall Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  425. ^ "Stafford Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  426. ^ "Stourton Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  427. ^ "Tamworth Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  428. ^ "Tutbury Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  429. ^ "Bungay Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  430. ^ "Clare Castle" Archived 2012-09-30 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  431. ^ "Eye Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  432. ^ "Framlingham Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  433. ^ "Mettingham Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  434. ^ "Orford Castle" Archived 2012-09-30 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  435. ^ "Wingfield Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  436. ^ "Farnham Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  437. ^ "Guildford Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  438. ^ "Hylton Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  439. ^ "Newcastle Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  440. ^ "Old Hollinside" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  441. ^ "Ravensworth Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  442. ^ "Tynemouth Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  443. ^ "Astley Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  444. ^ "Kenilworth Castle" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  445. ^ "Maxstoke Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  446. ^ "Warwick Castle" Archived 2009-02-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  447. ^ "Dudley Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  448. ^ "Amberley Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  449. ^ "Arundel Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  450. ^ "Bramber Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  451. ^ "Halnaker House" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  452. ^ "Heritage Gateway - Results". Archived from the original on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2016.
  453. ^ "Dobroyd Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  454. ^ "Harewood Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  455. ^ "Pontefract Castle" Archived 2012-03-10 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  456. ^ "Sandal Castle" Archived 2012-09-26 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  457. ^ "Devizes Castle" Archived 2015-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  458. ^ "Longford Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  459. ^ "Ludgershall Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  460. ^ "Old Sarum Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  461. ^ "Old Wardour Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  462. ^ "Caldwall Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  463. ^ "Hartlebury Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  464. ^ "Holt Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  465. ^ "Worcester Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.

Bibliography

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