Wurunkatte or Wurukatte[2] was a Hittite war god of Hattian origin. He might have also been connected to the institution of kingship. His symbol was a mace, and based on textual sources it is presumed he could be depicted standing on the back of a lion. In known texts, he appears in association with deities such as Šulinkatte, Taru and Telipinu. He was worshiped in Hattusa, Nerik, Tuḫumijara and Tarammeka.
| Wurunkatte | |
|---|---|
| Major cult center | Hattusa |
| Weapon | mace[1] |
| Animals | lion |
| Equivalents | |
| Mesopotamian equivalent | Zababa |
Name and character edit
Wurunkatte's name has Hattic origin and can be translated as "king of the land".[3][4][2] Volkert Haas noted it can be compared to the Akkadian epithet šār mātim, used to refer to Dagan.[5]
Wurunkatte was regarded as a war god.[2] He shared this role with many other deities in the Hittite pantheon, for example Iyarri or originally Hurrian Ḫešui.[6] In art, he was depicted standing on the back of a lion.[6] A description of a silver statuette presumed to represent him states that he held a shield and a mace in his hands, the latter weapon is also attested as his symbol in other texts.[1]
According to Piotr Taracha in Hattian tradition Wurunkatte was also associated with the ideology of kingship, similarly to the deified throne Ḫanwašuit (called Ḫalmašuit in Hittite).[7] He could be referred to with the title tabarna, in other contexts used to designate the reigning king of the land of Hatti.[8] Taracha suggests that both his presumed role as a kingship deity and the meaning of his name might indicate that he had a special position in the Hattian pantheon prior to the rise of weather gods in the nineteenth and eighteenth centuries BCE, a phenomenon attested in sources from Hattusa and Kanesh.[3]
Associations with other deities edit
Comparisons have been drawn between the character and iconography of Wurunkatte and another god of Hattian origin, Šulinkatte.[4] A single Hattic text pairs them with each other and states that "Šulinkatte is the son of Hattusa, Wurunkatte is the son of warta (meaning unknown) and of the lands."[1] In a number of texts, Wurunkatte instead forms a pair with the Hattian deity Tunturmiša.[9] A group consisting of him, Taru and Telipinu is also attested.[10] In incantations, he could be associated with the Hattian goddess of magic, Kataḫziwuri.[11] A deity named Wurukattainu, "small/young Wurunkatte"[2] or "child of Wurunkatte", is also attested.[12]
Wurunkatte was considered the counterpart of the Mesopotamian god Zababa.[13] His own name could be rendered logographically using that belonging to the latter deity.[4] However, as he was not the only god who could be designated by this Akkadogram in Hittite texts, the identity of the deity meant when phonetic spellings are not used is not always clear.[2][14]
Worship edit
In Hattusa Wurunkatte received offerings during the KI.LAM festival.[15] His inclusion in these celebrations most likely reflected his importance in the eyes of Hittite kings.[16] Limited evidence for the worship of him is also available from Nerik: a stele dedicated to him is attested, additionally he received offerings, including a sheep, during a ceremony in honor of the weather god of Nerik and tongues, ears and tails of various sacrificial animals on another occasion.[4] According to Piotr Taracha, it is also possible that when after the temporary loss of the city Hittites returned to it, a new temple has been built for him, as references to a new house of worship dedicated to a deity designated by the logogram dZABABA are known.[17] Further cities where Wurunkatte was worshiped include Tuḫumijara, where a song invoking him was sung during a local festival, and Tarammeka.[1]
Itamar Singer has proposed that a deity apparently belonging to the pantheon of the Kaška people designated by the logogram dZABABA in a Hititte treaty might also be Wurunkatte.[18] He assumed that the Kaška constituted a remnant of Hattian culture not absorbed by the Hittite state and pushed to the north.[19]
References edit
- ^ a b c d Soysal 2016, p. 135.
- ^ a b c d e Soysal 2016, p. 134.
- ^ a b Taracha 2013, p. 374.
- ^ a b c d Haas 2015, p. 600.
- ^ Haas 2015, p. 310.
- ^ a b Haas 2015, p. 363.
- ^ Taracha 2009, p. 48.
- ^ Haas 2015, p. 196.
- ^ Haas 2015, p. 366.
- ^ Soysal 2016, pp. 134–135.
- ^ Haas 2015, p. 438.
- ^ Haas 2015, p. 311.
- ^ Haas 2015, p. 364.
- ^ Schwemer 2022, p. 379.
- ^ Taracha 2009, pp. 39–40.
- ^ Taracha 2009, p. 41.
- ^ Taracha 2009, p. 104.
- ^ Singer 2007, p. 173.
- ^ Singer 2007, p. 176.
Bibliography edit
- Haas, Volkert (2015) [1994]. Geschichte der hethitischen Religion. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 1: The Near and Middle East (in German). Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-29394-6. Retrieved 2022-12-12.
- Schwemer, Daniel (2022). "Religion and Power". Handbook of Hittite Empire. De Gruyter. pp. 355–418. doi:10.1515/9783110661781-009. ISBN 9783110661781.
- Singer, Itamar (2007). "Who were the Kaška?". PHASIS. 10 (1): 166–181. ISSN 2346-8459. Retrieved 2022-12-12.
- Soysal, Oğuz (2016), "Wuru(n)katte", Reallexikon der Assyriologie (in German), retrieved 2022-12-12
- Taracha, Piotr (2009). Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia. Dresdner Beiträge zur Hethitologie. Vol. 27. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3447058858.
- Taracha, Piotr (2013). "Political Religion and Religious Policy: How the Hittite King Chose His Patron Gods". Altorientalische Forschungen. 40 (2). Walter de Gruyter GmbH. doi:10.1524/aof.2013.0019. ISSN 2196-6761. S2CID 155113220.