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Comic Mart

(Redirected from Westminster Comic Mart)

Comic Mart is the catchall term for a series of British comic book trade fairs which were held in the United Kingdom from 1972 until the early 1990s. The Comic Mart was one of the earliest recurring public comic events in the UK, predated only by the British Comic Art Convention. Comic Mart began in London, eventually expanding to Birmingham, Manchester, and Liverpool, among other locations. The first few Comic Marts were organized and produced by Rob Barrow and Nick Landau; eventually they split up to produce competing versions of the event, and were joined by other regional organizers.

Comic Mart
StatusDefunct
GenreComic books
VenueComic Mart: Central Hall Westminster
Comicbook Marketplace: Lyndhurst Hall, Kentish Town
Location(s)London; offshoots in Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool, and other cities
CountryUnited Kingdom
Inaugurated1972
Most recentc. 1998
Organized byRob Barrow & Nick Landau (1972–1974)
Nick Landau/Titan Distributors (1975–1977, 1979–1992)
Rob Barrow/Fantasy Domain (1976–2011)

Unlike comic book conventions, which typically featured publishers, creators, panel discussions, and other activities, Comic Marts (which were generally one-day affairs) were primarily organized around dealers selling comics to individual customers. The emphasis tended to be on hard-to-find American comics: Golden Age and Silver Age comics, as well as new titles, which were not distributed to the UK with any regularity in the early 1970s. As the marts became more popular, however, British comics professionals began to congregate and socialize at the shows and afterward in pubs nearby[1][2][3] (such as The Westminster Arms).

History edit

Dobson's "Mini-con" edit

The first so-called London comic mart was held in 1970, organized by "Godfather of British fandom" and publisher of the fanzine Fantasy Advertiser, Frank Dobson.[4] Dobson and a small group of fellow comics dealers rented out the upstairs room of The Eagle pub in Clerkenwell on a Saturday and called it a "Mini-con."[4] Dobson emigrated to Australia soon afterward, bequeathing Fantasy Advertiser to 19-year-old fellow comics enthusiast Dez Skinn.[4]

Barrow and Landau edit

As inheritor of Dobson's interests, Skinn planned another mart for 9 December 1972 — dubbing it the "Christmas Comic Mart"[4] — but discovered that Rob Barrow and Nick Landau had already arranged one, scheduled one week earlier than Skinn's. (Landau had produced the 5th annual British Comic Art Convention — which originated comics conventions in the UK — earlier in the year; Barrow was publisher of the fanzine Comic Fandom Bulletin.)[5] Held on 2 December 1972, at Lyndhurst Hall, in Camden Town,[6] Landau and Barrow's event was the first "official" Comic Mart, attracting over 250 attendees. Volunteers and sponsors of the first Comic Mart included Skinn, Phil Clarke, Mike Higgs, Stan Nichols, Derek Stokes, Richard Burton, Alan Austin, Colin Campbell, Dave Gibbons, Compendium Books, IT, Candida, Electric Cinema Club, Better Books, and Virgin Records.[7]

Barrow and Landau's second London Comic Mart was held 24 February 1973, again at Lyndhurst Hall.[7] Next up on the "convention schedule" was the British Comic Art Convention ("Comicon"), scheduled for the weekend of 21–22 July, at London's Regent Centre Hotel.[8] Comicon, however, was abruptly canceled shortly before it was scheduled, but was salvaged by Landau and Barrow, who managed to put on a one-day version of the show on 22 July at Comicon's usual location of London's Waverley Hotel.[4] A November Comic Mart made it the second one of 1973.

In 1974, Barrow and Landau expanded Comic Mart to become a more frequently held affair. The first Comic Mart of the year was held in January, followed by one on Saturday, 27 April, at Holborn Assembly Hall, John's Mews, in central London. The free show featured an evening fantasy film marathon, including showings of the serials Blackhawk and Flash Gordon, and the 1954 film Creature from the Black Lagoon.[9] The 1974 edition of Comicon, again organized by Barrow (on his own), was held 20–21 July at London's Regent Centre Hotel, and was jointly billed as the "Comic Mart Summer Special 1974."[4] Denis Gifford, a key figure in British comics fandom, was the only "industry guest" at this combined Comicon/Comic Mart, providing the introductory presentation.[10][4] (From that point, Barrow took on the responsibility for the British Comic Art Convention, organizing that show for at least the next four years.) Subsequent 1974 Comic Marts were held in September, October, and December, also taking place at Holborn Assembly Hall.[9]

Publisher/editor Martin Lock timed early issues of his fanzine Bemusing Magazine (later known as BEM) to coincide with Comic Mart, and sold each new issue to Comic Mart customers.[11]

With Barrow focusing his energies on Comicon, in 1975 Landau continued the Comic Marts on his own.[12] That year he produced three editions — in June, August, and November — with the August event being a two-day affair, held at Central Hall Westminster.

The split: Comic Mart vs. Comicbook Marketplace edit

Landau staged two Comic Marts in 1976, in early October and late November, both at London's Regent Centre Hotel.[12] For the 3 October Comic Mart, an admission charge of 10 pence was levied (largely to discourage petty thieves, who had been making a nuisance of themselves).[12] The largest of the two events took up 6,700 square feet and featured 110 dealer tables.[6] Meanwhile, Rob Barrow (using his corporate entity Fantasy Domain, established in 1972), returned to the "mart scene" in mid-November, organizing a separate "more intimate" mart,[5] entitled "Rob Barrow's Comic Book Marketplace," at Lyndhurst Hall.[13]

Landau staged seven London Comic Marts in 1977, in such locations as the Regent Centre Hotel, Old Town Hall, and the Royal Horticultural Society's Old Hall in Vincent Square. Barrow, meanwhile, staged two of his name-branded marts, both at Lyndhurst Hall.

In 1978, Landau left the mart business when he found a job in the editorial offices of IPC Magazines.[14] He "bequeathed" the Comic Mart name to retailer Mike Conroy,[15] who put on three editions of his "New Original Comic Mart" in 1978, all held at the Royal Horticultural Society's Old Hall. For his part, Barrow put on two London "Comicbook Marketplace" events in 1978, both at Lyndhurst Hall.

1979 belonged to Barrow, as Fantasy Domain put on seven Comicbook Marketplace events that year, all at his favorite venue, Lyndhurst Hall.[16] In late November 1979, however, Landau returned full-time back into the world of commerce; having left IPC Magazines, he and his company Titan Distributors took back Comic Mart from Conroy, staging one show at Central Hall Westminster.[17]

Landau/Titan Distributors and Barrow/Fantasy Domain basically alternated months in 1980, with Titan Distributors staging five Comic Marts — including the special April "convention" — at their favored location, Central Hall Westminster;[17] while Fantasy Domain staged seven Comicbook Marketplace events at Lyndhurst Hall.[18]

In 1981, bi-monthly Comic Marts were being held in Central Hall Westminster,[17] with Barrow's Comicbook Marketplace taking the alternating months. Paul Gravett began his career managing the Fast Fiction table at the bimonthly Comic Marts. Gravett invited artists to send him their homemade comics, which he would sell from the Fast Fiction table with all proceeds going to the creator. The Comic Mart Fast Fiction table lasted at least through the 1987 show.[19]

The Comic Mart of 16 October 1982, featured a "Teach-In and Work-In" sponsored by the Society of Strip Illustration, with a number of creators from 2000 AD talking and presenting about their work.[20]

The 1983 London Comic Mart, held October[21] 15[22] again at Central Hall Westminster, was the host convention for the Eagle Awards, which were presented by Alan Moore and Dave Gibbons.[23] (The British Comic Art Convention disappeared after the 1981 show, and the United Kingdom Comic Art Convention didn't start up until 1985, so there were no actual comic book conventions being held in London during this time.)

Comic Marts held in 1984 included the 2 June event; guests included John Ridgway, Gary Russell, and Richard Marson. The 8 December 1984, Comic Mart was billed as an "Escape Event," and featured the creators of Escape magazine, including Eddie Campbell, Glenn Dakin, Phil Elliott, Hunt Emerson, Rian Hughes, Ed Pinsent, and Savage Pencil.[24]

Both Titan Distributors and Fantasy Domain were still going strong in 1989, when they continued to host competing marts on alternating months. At some point before 1989, Barrow moved his Comicbook Marketplaces from Lyndhurst Hall to Camden Centre. They later moved to the Royal National Hotel.

Regional comic marts edit

In 1976, Barrow expanded his operation regionally, hosting a September 12 comic mart in Birmingham at the Imperial Centre Hotel.[25] In 1977, he produced four marts in Birmingham[26] and one in Kingston upon Hull (held at the Hull Centre Hotel on 26 February).[13] He returned to Birmingham in 1978, putting on two Comic Marts at the Birmingham Centre Hotel, held on 11 February and 20 May.[27]

Meanwhile, in 1977 in Liverpool, Zephyr Magazines produced two Liverpool Comic Marts, one held on 1 August[28] and one 8 October both at the Bluecoat Chambers concert hall.[29] (The organizers claimed that this was their 10th year producing comic marts in Liverpool.)[28] Zephyr produced three more Liverpool Comic Marts in 1978, on 19 August, 21 October, and 16 December, again all held at Bluecoat Chambers.[30]

In 1979, Peter Lennon took over management of the Birmingham Comic Mart, which was held on 10 March of that year.[31]

The Comic Mart phenomenon spread to Manchester in 1980, with Bob Smart and Graham Holt producing five events that year, all held at Piccadilly Plaza Exhibition Hall. These shows had no connection with previous Manchester comic marts.[32] By the end of 1980, Smart was going it alone, adding Liverpool to the Comic Mart mix. In 1981, Smart produced six Comic Marts in Liverpool and five in Manchester.[33][34]

The city of Leeds joined the Comic Mart trend in 1981, with four marts being staged at the Griffin Hotel on Boar Lane,[35] and three more held there in 1982.[36]

A Birmingham "Comic, Film & Fantasy Mart" was held at the New Imperial Hotel on 16 August 1986.[37]

Two Leeds Comic Marts were held in 1988, on 30 July[38] and 26 November, both at the Griffin Hotel.[39]

Six Birmingham "Comic Mart & Film Fair" events were held in 1989 at the New Imperial Hotel: on 18 February, 1 April, 3 June, 29 July, 23 September and 25 November. They were produced by Golden Orbit of York. That same year, Golden Orbit put on four Sheffield Comic Mart & Film Fair events: on 25 February, 27 May, 22 July, and 18 November, all held at Sheffield Polytechnic.[40]

Later marts, controversy edit

By the mid-1990s, the London Comic Marts became overshadowed by the annual United Kingdom Comic Art Convention, as well as the penetration of the Internet, which made it easier to buy old comics at more reasonable prices. Titan Distributors was sold in 1992, at which point the original "Comic Mart" faded away. Barrow continued to hold Comicbook Marketplaces sporadically, even up into 2011,[41] but without the same fanfare.

In 2012, Barrow was given a one-year prison sentence (suspended) for possession of child pornography.[41]

Locations and dates edit

London Comic Mart edit

Event originated by Nick Landau and Rob Barrow, eventually becoming solely run by Landau/Titan Distributors. By the early 1980s, the events (which were generally held on a Saturday) became known as the Westminster Comic Marts.

Year Date(s) Show title Organizer(s) Venue Notes Source
1970 "A Saturday" Mini-con Frank Dobson The Eagle pub A small group of comics dealers rented out the upstairs room [4]
1972 2 December Comic Mart Rob Barrow & Nick Landau Lyndhurst Hall, Kentish Town Over 250 attendees [6]
1973 24 February Comic Mart Barrow & Landau Lyndhurst Hall [7]
17 November
1974 Jan. Comic Mart Barrow & Landau [42]
27 April Holborn Assembly Hall Evening fantasy film marathon [9]
20–21 July Comicon/Comic Mart Summer Special 1974 Barrow Regent Centre Hotel Combined convention; Denis Gifford the only "industry guest" [4]
September Comic Mart Barrow & Landau Holborn Assembly Hall [43]
5 October [9]
14 December [9]
1975 June Comic Mart Landau [44]
August Central Hall Westminster Two-day event
8 November Lyndhurst Hall, Kentish Town [45]
1976 3 October Comic Mart Landau Regent Centre Hotel [12]
28 November Comic Mart Landau Regent Centre Hotel [12]
1977 16 January Comic Mart Landau Regent Centre Hotel [12]
26 March Old Town Hall, Kensington [46]
14 May [46]
8 June Royal Horticultural Society's Old Hall [47]
31 July [47]
2 October [47]
2 November [26]
1978 22 January New Original Comic Mart Mike Conroy Royal Horticultural Society's Old Hall [15]
10 June [27]
10 September [48]
5 November [48]
1979 3 November Comic Mart Landau/Titan Distributors Central Hall Westminster [17]
1980 19 January Comic Mart Titan Distributors Central Hall Westminster [17]
19 April "Convention" [49][17]
12 July [17]
18 October [17]
13 December [17]
1981 7 February Comic Mart Titan Distributors Central Hall Westminster [17]
April "Convention" [17]
6 June [17]
6 August [17]
17 October [17]
12 December [17]
1982 February 6 Comic Mart Titan Distributors Central Hall Westminster [50]
16 October "Teach-In and Work-In" hosted by Society of Strip Illustration [20]
11 December [20]
1983 5 February Comic Mart Titan Distributors Central Hall Westminster [20]
15 October Host convention for the Eagle Awards, presented by Alan Moore and Dave Gibbons [23]
10 December
1984 4 February Comic Mart Titan Distributors Central Hall Westminster
4 April Guests: "Marvel Bullpen"
2 June Guests include John Ridgway, Gary Russell, and Richard Marson [51]
8 December "Escape Event," featuring Eddie Campbell, Glenn Dakin, Phil Elliott, Hunt Emerson, Rian Hughes, Ed Pinsent, and Savage Pencil [24]
1988 6 August Comic Mart Titan Distributors Central Hall Westminster [38]
October John Higgins, John Ridgway, Lee Sullivan, and Doug Braithwaite [39]
1989 4 February Comic Mart Titan Distributors Central Hall Westminster [52]
8 April [52]
10 June [52]

Comicbook Marketplace (London) edit

These events, produced by Rob Barrow's corporate entity, Fantasy Domain, were for many years held at Lyndhurst Hall, Kentish Town; at some point they moved to Camden Centre on Bidborough Street in Camden Town. In 1976–1977 the events were titled "Rob Barrow's Comic Book Marketplace;" from that point forward they were titled simply "Comicbook Marketplace." As opposed to the Westminster Comic Marts, these events were usually held on a Sunday.

Year Date(s) Venue Notes Source
1976 13 November Lyndhurst Hall, Kentish Town Titled "Rob Barrow's Comic Book Marketplace" [13]
1977 15 October Lyndhurst Hall Titled "Rob Barrow's Comic Book Marketplace" [26]
10 December [53]
1978 4 March Lyndhurst Hall [27]
10 June [27]
14 October Film showing of Black Belt Jones [54][55]
16 December Film showing of Blazing Saddles [55]
1979 17 February Lyndhurst Hall Free film shows; free admission [16]
24 March [16]
5 May [16]
9 June [16]
4 August [16]
6 October [16]
8 December [16]
1980 9 February Lyndhurst Hall Free admission [18]
8 March [18]
10 May [18]
7 June [18]
9 August [18]
13 September [56]
8 November [18]
1981 3 January Lyndhurst Hall [57]
28 February [57]
2 May [57]
25 July [57]
1982 9 January Lyndhurst Hall [58]
6 March [58]
8 May [58]
4 September [58]
13 November [58]
1988 17 July Camden Centre [38]
1989 5 March Camden Centre Free admission [59]
7 May [59]
16 July [59]
3 September [59]
5 November [59]
2001 25 November T.U.C. (Trade Union Centre) Congress Centre
2015 6 September Royal National Hotel [60]
4 October [60]

Northwest Comic Marts edit

Retailer/wholesaler Bob Smart's events in Manchester and Liverpool.

Year Date(s) Show title Organizer(s) Venue Notes Source
1980 5 January Manchester Comic Mart Bob Smart and Graham Holt Piccadilly Plaza Exhibition Hall [61]
22 March [62]
31 May [63]
2 August [63]
27 September [63]
29 November 20 pence admission charge (includes free raffle ticket) [63]
6 December Liverpool Comic Mart Bob Smart Bluecoat Concert Hall 20 pence admission charge (includes free raffle ticket) [33]
1981 31 January Liverpool Comic Mart Bob Smart Bluecoat Concert Hall 20 pence admission charge (includes free raffle ticket) [33]
28 February Manchester Comic Mart Piccadilly Plaza Exhibition Hall [33]
14 March Liverpool Comic Mart Bluecoat Concert Hall [33]
18 April Manchester Comic Mart Piccadilly Plaza Exhibition Hall [33]
30 May Liverpool Comic Mart Bluecoat Concert Hall [33]
27 June Manchester Comic Mart Piccadilly Plaza Exhibition Hall [34]
25 July Liverpool Comic Mart Bluecoat Concert Hall [33]
22 August Manchester Comic Mart Piccadilly Plaza Exhibition Hall [34]
19 September Liverpool Comic Mart Bluecoat Concert Hall [33]
7 November Manchester Comic Mart Piccadilly Plaza Exhibition Hall [34]
5 December Liverpool Comic Mart Bluecoat Concert Hall [33]
1988 12 November Manchester Comic Mart Picadilly Plaza Exhibition Hall [39]

References edit

  1. ^ Plowright, Frank. "Kevin O'Neill," The Comics Journal #122 (June 1988), p. 96.
  2. ^ Yang, Sam (October 1991). "A Loaf of Bread, A Jug of Wine and Eddie Campbell". The Comics Journal. 1 (145): 62.
  3. ^ Spurgeon, Tom. "James Robinson: Rising Star," The Comics Journal #199 (Oct. 1997), p. 65.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i Skinn, Dez. "Early days of UK comics conventions and marts," Archived 2012-02-01 at the Wayback Machine DezSkinn.com. Accessed Mar. 3, 2013.
  5. ^ a b DMR. "The Insider Strikes," Bemusing #4: Comic Mart Special (Feb. 1975), p. 6.
  6. ^ a b c Burton, Richard. "Meditorial," Comic Media News #29 (Jan./Feb. 1977).
  7. ^ a b c "The February Comic Mart," Comic Media & The Comic Reader UK Edition Newsletter #3 (Feb. 1973).
  8. ^ Roberts, Peter (21 October 1972). "6th British Comicon". Checkpoint (25). Retrieved 2008-09-08.
  9. ^ a b c d e "Britain's Largest Comic Fan Gathering: Comic Mart," Comic Mart Magazine (Jan. 1974).
  10. ^ "Comic Mart Summer Special 1974 poster". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  11. ^ Willis, Russell. "AN INTERVIEW WITH MARTIN LOCK (PART 1 | THE BEM YEARS)," Under the Stairs (2013). Retrieved Jan. 8, 2020.
  12. ^ a b c d e f Sallis, Ed. "Fan-Things," Bemusing Magazine #10 (Aug. 1976), p. 7.
  13. ^ a b c Rob Barrow's Comic Book Marketplace advertisement, Bemusing Magazine #11 (Nov. 1976), p. 6.
  14. ^ Bishop, David. Thrill Power Overload (Rebellion Developments, February 2007) (ISBN 1-905437-22-6), p. 36.
  15. ^ a b Sallis, Ted. "Fan-Things," BEM #17 (Feb. 1978), p. 5.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h Comicbook Marketplace Calendar for 1979," BEM #22 (Jan. 1979), p. 10.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Comic Mart: Britain's Largest Comic Fan Gathering" advertisement, Comicon '79 program booklet.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g "Comicbook Marketplace Calendar for 1980" advertisement, BEM #26 (Dec. 1979), p. 16.
  19. ^ "The Best Comics of 2005: Paul Gravett," The Comics Journal #275 (Apr. 2006), p. 62.
  20. ^ a b c d Comic Mart advertisement, The Comic Book Price Guide for Great Britain. Archived at My Little Underground blog.
  21. ^ Green, Steve. "This Month," The Birmingham Science Fiction Group #147 (Nov. 1983), p. 2.
  22. ^ "The Eagle Awards - Results: 1983," Eagle Awards website. Archived at the Wayback Machine. Accessed Jan. 27, 2020.
  23. ^ a b "News From Hither and Yon: Eagles Return, New Dog Strip, EC Update, Computer Comics," The Comics Journal #84 (Sept. 1983), p. 22.
  24. ^ a b Comic Mart vintage advertisement, The Comics Journal Special Edition vol. 3 (2003), p. 59.
  25. ^ Birmingham Comic Mart advertisement, Comicon '76 program booklet, p. 23.
  26. ^ a b c Sallis, Ed. "Fan-Things," Bemusing Magazine #13 (May 1977), p. 14.
  27. ^ a b c d Comicbook Marketplace advertisement, BEM #17 (Feb. 1978), p. 8.
  28. ^ a b Comic Mart Liverpool advertisement, Bemusing Magazine #11 (Nov. 1976), p. 15.
  29. ^ Comic Mart Liverpool advertisement, BEM #15 (Sept. 1977), p. 6.
  30. ^ Comic Mart Liverpool advertisement, Comicon '78 program booklet, p. 66.
  31. ^ Lock, Martin. "News at BEM," BEM #22 (Jan. 1979), p. 2.
  32. ^ Manchester Comic Mart advertisement, BEM #28 (May 1980), p. 24.
  33. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Bob Smart Presents the Northwest Comic Marts" advertisement, BEM #30 (Nov. 1980), p. 30.
  34. ^ a b c d Northwest Comic Mart advertisement, BEM #33 (Apr. 1981), p. 40.
  35. ^ Leeds Comic Mart advertisement, BEM #31 (1981), p. 30.
  36. ^ "Leeds Comic Mart advertisement". Fantasy Advertiser. No. 70. November 1981. p. 15.
  37. ^ Birmingham Comic Film & Fantasy Mart advertisement, Speakeasy #65 (Apr. 1986), p. 13.
  38. ^ a b c Doctor Who Magazine #139 (Aug. 1988).
  39. ^ a b c Doctor Who Magazine #143 (Dec. 1988).
  40. ^ Birmingham Comic Mart advertisement, Speakeasy #95 (Feb. 1989), p. 53.
  41. ^ a b Johnston, Rich. "London Comic Mart Organiser Gets One Year Suspended Sentence For Collection Of One Million Paedophile Images," Bleeding Cool (10 January 2012).
  42. ^ Korock, Jim. "The BEM Story — So Far," Bemusing Magazine #10 (Aug. 1976), p. 18: "Although originally scheduled for the Jan '74 mart..."
  43. ^ Korock, Jim. "The BEM Story — So Far," Bemusing Magazine #10 (Aug. 1976), p. 18: "Specially for the September [1974] mart..."
  44. ^ Stangroom, Howard. "Reaction," Bemusing #6: Comic Mart Special (June 1975), p. 2.
  45. ^ Sallis, Ed. "Fan-Things," Bemusing #7 (Oct. 1975), p. 7.
  46. ^ a b Sallis, Ed M. "Fan-Things," Bemusing Magazine #12 (Feb. 1977), p. 22.
  47. ^ a b c Sallis, Ed. "Fan-Things," Bemusing Magazine #14 (July 1977), p. 16.
  48. ^ a b New Original Comic Mart advertisement, BEM Comic News #20 (Aug. 1978), p. 6.
  49. ^ Curtis, I. G. S. "Aardvark Comment," Cerebus the Aardvark #33 (Aardvark-Vanaheim, Dec. 1981).
  50. ^ "Classified ads". Fantasy Advertiser. No. 70. November 1981. p. 29.
  51. ^ Doctor Who Magazine Summer Special 1984 (Summer 1984).
  52. ^ a b c Comic Mart advertisement, Speakeasy #95 (Feb. 1989), p. 39.
  53. ^ Lock, Martin. "Fan-Things," BEM #16 (Dec. 1977), p. 11.
  54. ^ Lock, Martin. "News at BEM," BEM Comic News #20 (Aug. 1978), p. 2.
  55. ^ a b Sallis, Ed. "Fan-Things," BEM Comic News #20 (Aug. 1978), p. 3.
  56. ^ Sallis, Ed. "Fan-Things," BEM #28 (May 1980), p. 35.
  57. ^ a b c d Comicbook Marketplace advertisement, BEM #31 (Dec. 1980), p. 14.
  58. ^ a b c d e Comicbook Marketplace advertisement, Fantasy Advertiser #70 (Nov. 1981), p. 6.
  59. ^ a b c d e "Bigger & Better Than Ever: Comicbook Marketplace" advertisement, Speakeasy #95 (Feb. 1989), p. 41.
  60. ^ a b Esmond, Antony. "'A Survivor in the Cosplay Age': the London Comic Mart," DownTheTubes.net (Aug. 2, 2015).
  61. ^ Manchester Comic Mart advertisement, BEM #26 (Dec. 1979), p. 34.
  62. ^ Manchester Comic Mart advertisement, BEM #27 (Mar. 1980), p. 34.
  63. ^ a b c d Manchester Comic Mart advertisement, BEM #28 (May 1980), p. 24.

External links edit

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