Verbunkos (Hungarian: [ˈvɛrbuŋkoʃ]), other spellings being Verbounko, Verbunko, Verbunkas, Werbunkos, Werbunkosch, Verbunkoche; sometimes known simply as the hongroise or ungarischer Tanz [1] is an 18th-century Hungarian dance and music genre.
The verbunkos is typically in a pair of sections, slow (lassú), with a characteristic dotted rhythm, and fast (friss), with virtuosic running-note passages. In some cases, this slow-fast pair alternates at greater length.[1]
The name is derived from the German word Werbung, a noun derived from the verb werben that means, in particular, "to recruit"; verbunkos—recruiter. This music and dance was played during military recruiting before the Habsburg emperors, who were also kings of Hungary, introduced conscription in 1849. A group of a dozen hussars performed the dance in different parts, with the leading sergeant opening with slow movements, then the lower officers joining for more energetic parts, and the youngest soldiers concluding the dance with jumps and spur-clicking.[1]
Despite its name, the melodies originate from Hungarian folk and popular music and have been sometimes attributed to Romani people (Gypsies), because the accompaniment was usually played by Romani musicians in characteristic Romani style.[1][2][3]
The Romani composer János Bihari (1764–1827) remains the most well-known composer and interpreter of verbunkos. Eighty-four compositions of his remain.[4] Bihari was a violinist who played in the court in Vienna during the entire Congress of Vienna in 1814. Another composer of verbunkos was József Kossovits (d. c. 1819).
With the establishment in 1837 of the Hungarian National Theatre in Pest, the verbunkos style began to change under the influence of the first director of the theatre and operatic composer, Ferenc Erkel, whose most successful operas were Hunyadi László (1844) and Bánk bán (1861).[4]
Haydn incorporated verbunkos into the "Gypsy Rondo" piano trio, composed in 1795. Béla Bartók's Contrasts (1938), a trio for clarinet, piano and violin, is in three movements, the first of which is named Verbunkos. His Violin Concerto No. 2 is also an example of verbunkos style.[citation needed]
Slovácko verbuňk
editThe Slovácko verbuňk is also an improvised folk dance in the South Moravia and Zlín districts of the Czech Republic, and was inscribed in 2008 on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity of UNESCO.[5]
See also
editSources
edit- ^ a b c d Bellman, Jonathan (2001). "Verbunkos". In Sadie, Stanley; Tyrrell, John (eds.). The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan. ISBN 9780195170672.
- ^ Head, Matthew (2005). "Haydn's Exoticisms: 'Difference' and the Enlightenment". In Caryl Leslie Clark (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Haydn. Cambridge Companions to Music. Cambridge and New York City: Cambridge University Press. p. 89 (77–94). ISBN 9780521833479.
- ^ Loya, Shay (2011). Liszt's Transcultural Modernism and the Hungarian-Gypsy Tradition. Eastman Studies in Music (Vol. 87). University Rochester Press. p. 17. ISBN 9781580463232.
- ^ a b Sisa, Stephen (1990). "Hungarian Music". The Spirit of Hungary: A Panorama of Hungarian History and Culture (2nd ed.). Morristown NJ: Vista Books. p. 301 (299–306). ISBN 9780962842207. Retrieved 17 September 2012.
- ^ "Slovácko Verbuňk, recruit dances". UNESCO - Intangible Cultural Heritage. Retrieved 24 April 2021.