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Tomás Ó Criomhthain (pronounced [t̪ˠʊˈmˠaːsˠ oː ˈkɾʲɪhənʲ];[3] commonly anglicised as Tomás O'Crohan[4] and occasionally as Thomas O'Crohan; 1855 – 7 March 1937) was a native of the Irish-speaking Great Blasket Island near the coast of the Dingle Peninsula in Ireland. He wrote two Irish-language books, Allagar na h‑Inise ("Island Cross-Talk"), written over the period 1918–23 and published in 1928, and An tOileánach ("The Islandman"), completed in 1923 and published in 1929. Both have been translated into English.[5] He is known as the "godfather" of Blasket Island writers.[4][6] The 2012 translation by Garry Bannister and David Sowby is to date the only unabridged version available in English. In addition to his writings, Ó Criomhthain also provided content for Father George Clune's lexicon of the Munster Irish dialect, Réilthíní Óir.[3][7][8]
Tomás Ó Criomhthain | |
|---|---|
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| Born | Great Blasket Island, Ireland |
| Baptised | 29 April 1855[1] |
| Died | (aged 81)[2] Great Blasket Island, Ireland |
| Occupations |
|
| Notable work |
|
| Spouse |
Máire Ní Chatháin (m. 1878) |
| Children | 10 |
Biography edit
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It is unclear precisely when Ó Criomhthain was born. In the first sentence of An tOileánach, he states that he was born on St. Thomas's Day in 1856. However, records indicate that he was baptised on 29 April 1855.[1]
Ó Criomhthain was the youngest of 10 siblings, only five of whom survived to adulthood: four sisters, Maura, Kate, Eileen, and Nora, and a brother, Pats. Ó Criomhthain received an intermittent education between the ages of 10 and 18 whenever a schoolteacher from the mainland spent time living on the island.
He married Máire Ní Chatháin on 5 February 1878.[1] Together they had ten children,[1][9] but many died before reaching adulthood: one boy fell from a cliff while hunting for a fledgling gull to keep as a pet among the chickens; others died of measles and whooping cough; their son Domhnall drowned while attempting to save a woman from the sea; others died by various other means. Máire herself died while still relatively young. Their son Seán also wrote a book, Lá dar Saol ("A Day in Our Life"), describing the emigration of the remaining islanders to the mainland and America when the Great Blasket was finally abandoned in the 1940s and 1950s.
He died on 7 March 1937 at the age of 81.[2]
Writings edit
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His books — An tOileánach in particular — are considered classics of Irish-language literature, and central texts of the corpus of the Gaelic Revival.[10] Containing portrayals of a unique way of life, now extinct, they are of great human, literary, linguistic, and anthropological interest.
He began to write down his experiences in diary letters in the years after World War I, following persistent encouragement by Brian Ó Ceallaigh from Killarney. Ó Ceallaigh overcame Ó Criomhthain's initial reluctance by showing him works by Maxim Gorky and Pierre Loti, books describing the lives of peasants and fishermen, to prove to Ó Criomhthain the interest and value of such a project. Once persuaded, Ó Criomhthain sent Ó Ceallaigh a series of daily letters for five years – a diary – which the latter forwarded to scholar and writer Pádraig "An Seabhac" Ó Siochfhradha for editing for publication. Ó Ceallaigh then convinced Ó Criomhthain to write his life story and best-known work, An t-Oileánach. A result of Ó Criomthain's letter-writing style, the book is noted for its brevity and lack of portrayal of the author's emotions.[11] Traditionally viewed as more a cultural ethnography than a work of literary merit, this stance has been challenged in recent times by scholars such as Mark Quigley.[12]
The Flower translation of the text concludes with a statement whose final clause is well known and often quoted in Ireland:
I have written minutely of much that we did, for it was my wish that somewhere there should be a memorial of it all, and I have done my best to set down the character of the people about me so that some record of us might live after us, for the like of us will never be again.
— Ó Crohan, The Islandman
The first of the so-called "Blasket autobiographies", the release of An tOileánach in 1929 was followed by the release of Muiris Ó Súilleabháin's Fiche Bliain ag Fás in 1933 and Peig Sayers' Peig in 1936.[13]
Works edit
- Allagar na hInise, ISBN 1-85791-131-8 (in Irish)
- Allagar 11, Coiscéim 1999 Edited by Pádraig Ua Maoileoin
- An tOileánach, Cló Talbóid 2002, ISBN 0-86167-956-3 (in Irish)
- "Stair na mBlascaodaí, beag agus mór" (Manuscript images). UCD Digital Library (in Irish). University College Dublin. 2007 [1930].
- Translations
- Island Cross-Talk: Pages from a Diary, translated by Tim Enright; Oxford University Press, 1987; ISBN 0-19-212252-5
- The Islandman, translated by Robin Flower; Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1951; ISBN 0-19-815202-7
- The Islander, translated by Garry Bannister and David Sowby; Gill & MacMillan, 2013; ISBN 0-71-715794-6
See also edit
References edit
Citations edit
- ^ a b c d "Ó CRIOMHTHAIN, Tomás (1855–1937)". Ainm.ie (in Irish).
- ^ a b Ó Criomhthain, Seán (1993). A Day in Our Life. Translated by Tim Enright. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 23. ISBN 0-19-283119-4.
- ^ a b An t-Oileánach (in Irish) (fifth ed.). Comhlacht Oideachas na hÉireann. 1969.
- ^ a b Shea 2014, p. 93.
- ^ Tomás Ó Criomthain (1856–1937) Archived 25 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine Ricorso. Retrieved: 29 November 2011.
- ^ Shea 2011, p. 230.
- ^ Mac Clúin, Seóirse (1922), Réilthíní Óir, vol. 1, Comhlucht Oideachais na h-Éirean
- ^ Mac Clúin, Seóirse (1922), Réilthíní Óir, vol. 2, Comhlucht Oideachais na h-Éirean
- ^ Lucchitti 2005, p. 17.
- ^ Ridgway 2012.
- ^ O'Donnell 2011, p. 30.
- ^ Quigley 2003, p. 382.
- ^ Eastlake 2009, p. 125.
Sources edit
- Eastlake, John (March 2009). "Orality and Agency: Reading an Irish Autobiography from the Great Blasket Island" (PDF). Oral Tradition. 24 (1): 125–141. doi:10.1353/ort.0.0035.
- Lucchitti, Irene M (2005). Islandman Translated: Tomás O'Crohan, Autobiography and the Politics of Culture (PhD thesis). University of Wollongong.
- O'Donnell, Kelly Frances (14 April 2011). The Like of Us Will Never Be Again" A Comparative Analysis of the Contributions of the Blasket Authors: Peig Sayers, Tomás O Criomhthain, and Muiris O Suilleabhain (Thesis). University of Connecticut.
- Ridgway, Keith (13 October 2012). "A Blasket Bore". The Irish Times. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
- Shea, Thomas F. (4 May 2011). "The Islandman: the hidden life of Tomás O'Crohan". Irish Studies Review. 19 (2): 230–232. doi:10.1080/09670882.2011.565953. S2CID 145075133.
- — (Autumn 2014). ""The Islander": A More Provocative Tomás O'Crohan". New Hibernia Review / Iris Éireannach Nua. 18 (3): 93–109. doi:10.1353/nhr.2014.0046. JSTOR 24624367. S2CID 143022522 – via JSTOR.
- Quigley, Mark (March 2003). "Modernity's edge: Speaking silence on the Blasket Islands". Interventions International Journal of Postcolonial Studies. 5 (3): 382–406. doi:10.1080/1369801032000135639. S2CID 162221898.