Symcha Spira (? – 1944), also known as Symche Spira, served as the head of the Krakow ghetto Jewish police during the Holocaust.
Symcha Spira | |
|---|---|
| Died | 1944 |
| Other names | SS |
| Occupation | Commander of the Krakow Jüdischer Ordnungsdienst |
| Known for | Collaborating with the Nazis during World War II |
Biography edit
According to survivors' testimony, before World War II Spira was an impoverished glazier and carpenter who practiced Orthodox Judaism.[1][2][3] He was known to wear a full beard and kapoteh.[4]
In the early days of the Krakow ghetto, Spira served as a low level clerk for the Judenrat.[2]
In the summer of 1940 the Jüdischer Ordnungsdienst (OD) of Krakow was established, and Spira filed for a transfer. While serving there he quickly found favor in the eyes of the Germans, despite being near illiterate and having difficulty communicating in both German and Polish.[2][5] After his transfer, he became a commander of the Kraków Ghetto Jewish Police, at the recommendation of the German forces.[6][7] After taking this role his appearance would change, adopting the police uniform in place of religious wear and removing his beard entirely.[3][4]
One power that Spira's proximity to the SS gave, was his ability to facilitate bribes for work identification cards on behalf of the residents of the ghetto.[4] The ghetto residents came to distrust him, believing that he was a Gestapo collaborator and giving him the nickname "SS," after the Nazi force.[8] Many have even gone as far to accuse him of megalomania and using his position to enrich himself.[9][10]
In 1942 an orphanage was established in the ghetto, which also acted as a daycare. This building was placed under the jurisdiction of Spira. He held religious services there for the High Holy Days.[4][11] Several people, both Jews and ethnic Poles, joined his police force in 1942.[7]
After the liquidation of the Krakow ghetto, the Krakow Jews Police and Judenrat were deported to Płaszów. Spira was arrested alongside the other members of the OD, but was released for a short period at the request of the Gestapo. He was rearrested in December 1943, and was executed in 1944 on the orders of Amon Göth.[1][12]
Legacy edit
Spira's actions were included in Thomas Keneally's book Schindler's Ark, the basis of the film Schindler's List.[13]
References edit
- ^ a b "Krakow". www.holocausthistoricalsociety.org.uk. 2018. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
- ^ a b c Finkel, Evgeny (2019-10-22). Ordinary Jews: Choice and Survival During the Holocaust. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-19718-0.
- ^ a b Sterling, Eric J. (2005-07-08). Life in the Ghettos During the Holocaust. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 978-0-8156-0803-5.
- ^ a b c d Crowe, David (2007-08-01). Oskar Schindler: The Untold Account of His Life, Wartime Activities, and the True Story Behind the List. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-00849-0.
- ^ Megargee, Geoffrey P.; Dean, Martin (2012-05-04). The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945: Volume II: Ghettos in German-Occupied Eastern Europe. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-00202-0.
- ^ Celemenski, Jacob (2000). Elegy for My People: Memoirs of an Underground Courier of the Jewish Labor Bund in Nazi-occupied Poland 1939-1945. Jacob Celemenski Memorial Trust. ISBN 978-0-646-39718-4.
- ^ a b Chodakiewicz, Marek Jan (2005). The Massacre in Jedwabne, July 10, 1941: Before, During, After. East European Monographs. ISBN 978-0-88033-554-6.
- ^ Jarkowska-Natkaniec, A. "Jüdischer Ordnungsdienst in Occupied Kraków". ejournals.eu. Retrieved January 14, 2022.
- ^ Winstone, Martin (2014-10-30). The Dark Heart of Hitler's Europe: Nazi Rule in Poland Under the General Government. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85773-500-3.
- ^ Berkowitz, Michael (2007-09-03). The Crime of My Very Existence: Nazism and the Myth of Jewish Criminality. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-94068-0.
- ^ Sliwa, Joanna (2021-09-17). Jewish Childhood in Kraków: A Microhistory of the Holocaust. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-1-9788-2295-5.
- ^ Norris, Margot (2000). Writing War in the Twentieth Century. University of Virginia Press. ISBN 978-0-8139-1992-8.
- ^ Keneally, Thomas (2013-08-06). Schindler's List. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4767-5048-4.