A U.S. federal law, the Swamp Land Act of 1850,[1] fully titled "An act to enable the State of Arkansas and other States to reclaim the swamp lands within their limits", essentially provided a mechanism for reverting title of federally-owned swampland to states which would agree to drain the land and turn it to productive, agricultural use.[2] Primarily aimed at the development of Florida's Everglades, and transferring some 20 million acres (31,000 sq mi; 81,000 km2) of land in the Everglades to the State of Florida[3] for this purpose, the law also had application outside Florida, and spurred drainage and development in many areas of the United States, including areas around Indiana's Kankakee River,[4] Michigan's Lake St. Clair's shores, and elsewhere, and encouraged settlement by immigrants arriving in the United States after that time. Later considered to have been ecologically problematic, many of its provisions were in time reversed by the Clean Water Act of 1972[5] and later legislation, but its historical effects on U.S. development and settlement patterns remained.
In Louisiana, this law gave the state eight and a half million acres of river swamps and marshes to sell to pay for flood control measures.[6] Under this plan, thousands of acres of virgin cypress in the Atchafalaya Basin were sold to large corporations, often for seventy-five cents per acre or less. In return, the state began the construction of a few low levees and performed periodic dredging. But an increase in flooding in the Basin, due to the Great Raft removal on the upper Atchafalaya River, gave Timber companies more water to float their products to market, allowing the complete destruction of the old growth cypress forests to ensue with little pushback.
Legacy and related wetlands restoration projects
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In multiple states affected by the Swamp Land Act of 1850, as well as the Swamp Land Acts of 1849 and 1860, there have since been efforts to restore drained wetlands.[7]
California
edit- Dos Rios State Park in Stanislaus County is the result restoring farmland drained as a result of the Swamp Land Act of 1850 to functioning wetlands.[8]
Indiana
edit- Grand Junction Plaza Park in Westfield was designed around restoring a section Cool Creek to what it looked like before the Swamp Land Act.[9]
- Grand Kankakee Marsh County Park, part of the Kankakee River, was established in 1979, with 920 acres of marshland restored.[10]
- Beaver Lake in Indiana was drained due to land speculation that started with the Swamp Land Act. The lake bed is included in Kankakee Sands, a nature preserve overseen by the Nature Conservancy.[11][12]
New York
edit- New York City lost most of its wetlands due to the Swamp Land Act. Oyster farming is being used to help restore the New York-New Jersey Harbor Estuary.[13]
Wisconsin
edit- There is ongoing discussion of how the University of Wisconsin System, which obtained land belonging to Native American tribes through the Swamp Land Act, should compensate those tribes.[14]
External links
editReferences
edit- ^ SWAMP LAND ACTS OF 1849, 1850, AND 1860
- ^ Anchor Bay Watershed Management Plan
- ^ Global Climate Change Affecting the Florida Everglades: Anthropogenic Causes for Dis
- ^ Roselawn, Indiana - Back in Time A Glance at History
- ^ PlanetPapers – Wetland Research Paper
- ^ Guirard, Greg and C. Ray Brassieur. Inherit The Atchafalaya. Lafayette, LA: Center for Louisiana Studies University of Louisiana at Lafayette Press, 2007.
- ^ Parrish, Abraham (2024-02-05). "Draining America | Worlds Revealed". The Library of Congress. Retrieved 2024-04-22.
- ^ Smith, H.R. (Spring 2024). "The Everything Park". Bay Nature. 24 (2): 28–33.
- ^ Brandon, Elissaveta M. (November 2, 2022). "How one Indiana park restored the landscape to its 19th Century glory". Fast Company. Retrieved April 22, 2024.
- ^ NEAL, ANDREA. "Andrea Neal: Draining of Kankakee Basin destroyed Indiana habitat". South Bend Tribune. Retrieved 2024-04-22.
- ^ Dobberstein, Michael (2020). "The Selling of Beaver Lake, 1853–1889: How the Largest Lake in Indiana Disappeared". Indiana Magazine of History. 116 (2): 122. doi:10.2979/indimagahist.116.2.02 – via Academic Search Complete.
- ^ DeVore, Molly (2023-07-30). "Restoration on the range: Kankakee Sands bison a key part of the preserves' environmental efforts". nwitimes.com. Retrieved 2024-04-23.
- ^ Sant, Alison (February 21, 2023). "In NYC, Oyster Gardens are Inspiring Residents to Reimagine the Harbor Estuary". Earth Island Journal. Retrieved 2024-04-22.
- ^ Redman, Henry (2024-02-15). "UW schools benefit financially from thousands of acres of former tribal land • Wisconsin Examiner". Wisconsin Examiner. Retrieved 2024-04-22.
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