In psychiatry, catastrophic schizophrenia or schizocaria is an outdated term for a rare[1][2] acute form of schizophrenia leading to chronic psychosis[3] (the long term occurrence of psychosis) and deterioration of the personality.[1] Catastrophic schizophrenia was thought to be the most severe subtype of schizophrenia, as it had "an acute onset and rapid decline into a chronic state without remission".[4] Catastrophic schizophrenia was also referred to as schizocaria, which was defined by Gerhard Mauz as a psychosis that caused the absolute destruction of the core of one's being.[5]
The term "catastrophic schizophrenia" has fallen out of use due to a number of reasons, including advances in psychiatric treatment, which led to a significant decline in patients that fit the diagnosis as their symptoms did not reach the severity of catastrophic schizophrenia, along with modern refinement of the definition and subtypes of schizophrenia.[6] This term has not been included in any version of the DSM. In modern terms, catastrophic schizophrenia would likely be defined as 'acute-onset chronic schizophrenia with poor prognosis'.
History
editSchizophrenia evolved from Kraepelin's dementia praecox, which was first defined in 1893. Using dementia praecox as a base, Eugen Bleuler defined and differentiated subtypes of schizophrenia at the turn of the century. He stated that catastrophic schizophrenia was characterized by an acute onset of a severe psychosis, followed with little improvement by a severe chronic psychosis lasting until death.[7]
Young adults (aged 16–25) were at the highest risk of developing catastrophic schizophrenia. It was almost entirely exclusive to upper class and intellectuals.[5] Other risk factors included difficulty adapting to change, individualism, and introversion.[5]
E.B. Strauss stated that schizophrenia could come about in two ways: either catastrophically or through a series of 'attacks'.[5] Strauss used catastrophic to refer to schizophrenia that ran a rapidly progressing and continuous course.[5] According to Strauss, catastrophic schizophrenia took a similar course to catatonic schizophrenia and hebephrenia, with all three ending in the total collapse into psychosis within two to four years.[5]
Decline
editEugen Bleuler found that catastrophic schizophrenia affected 10-15% of people with schizophrenia.[6] However, over time, the number of patients that fit this diagnosis declined significantly. The outcome of a study by Luc Ciompi and Christian Müller in 1976 has shown that only 6 percent of patients with schizophrenia were judged to have catastrophic schizophrenia.[3][8][9]
In longitudinal studies begun in the 1930s and ending in the 1980s, Manfred Bleuler (Eugen's son) found the incidences[spelling?] of catastrophic schizophrenia had declined significantly since his father's study.[10] Manfred Bleuler posited that improved hospitals, nursing care, and rehabilitation efforts led to this decline.[6] The decline of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), chlorpromazine, and insulin shock therapy, used extensively in the 1940s and 1950s, could have also played a role in eliminating catastrophic schizophrenia.[6] The term was not included in the DSM-I and is now no longer used, due to changes in how the sub-types of schizophrenia are defined.
References
edit- ^ a b Robert Jean Campbell, Campbell's Psychiatric Dictionary, 2009, page 872
- ^ Bleuler, M.; Huber, G.; Gross, Gisela; Schüttler, R. (August 1976). "The long-term course of schizophrenic psychoses: The combined results of two research studies". Der Nervenarzt. 47 (8): 477–481.
- ^ a b Richard P. Bentall, Reconstructing schizophrenia, 1992, page 62
- ^ Alan S. Bellack (1984). Schizophrenia: treatment, management, and rehabilitation. Boston: Pearson Allyn & Bacon. ISBN 978-0-15-869400-9.
- ^ a b c d e f Strauss, E.B. (July 1931). "Some Principles Underlying Prognosis in Schizophrenia". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine. 24 (9): 1217–1222. doi:10.1177/003591573102400941. PMC 2183090. PMID 19988249.
- ^ a b c d McGlashan, Thomas H.; Jan Olav Johannessen (1996). "Early Detection and Intervention with Schizophrenia: Rationale". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 22 (2): 201–222. doi:10.1093/schbul/22.2.201. PMID 8782282.
- ^ Irving B. Weiner, Donald K. Freedheim, George Stricker & Thomas A. Widiger, Handbook of Psychology: Clinical psychology, 2003, page 74
- ^ George Stein, Greg Wilkinson, Seminars in General Adult Psychiatry, 2007, Page 301
- ^ Luc Ciompi, Christian Müller: Lebensweg und Alter der Schizophrenen. Eine katamnestische Langzeitstudie bis ins Senium (Life and age of schizophrenics. A longitudinal study catamnestic down to senility). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, NY (USA), 1976
- ^ Rosenthal, D. (1974). "Introduction to Manfred Bleuler's "The Offspring of Schizophrenics"" (PDF). Schizophrenia Bulletin. pp. 91–92. doi:10.1093/schbul/1.8.91. PMID 4619495.[dead link]
Further reading
edit- Luc Ciompi, Christian Müller, Lebensweg und Alter der Schizophrenen. Eine katamnestische Langzeitstudie bis ins Senium (The Life-course and Aging of Schizophrenics: A Long-term Follow-up Study into Old Age). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, NY (USA), 1976
- Richard P. Bentall, Reconstructing Schizophrenia, 1992
- Alan S. Bellack, Schizophrenia—Treatment, Management, and Rehabilitation, 1984
- Irving B. Weiner, Donald K. Freedheim, George Stricker & Thomas A. Widiger, Handbook of Psychology: Clinical psychology, 2003
External links
edit- Gross G, Huber G, Schüttler R (1980). "Modification of long-term schizophrenia by somato-therapeutic measures". Psychiatr Clin (Basel). 13 (3–4): 179–92. PMID 6113621.
- Coid JW (March 1991). ""Difficult to place" psychiatric patients". BMJ. 302 (6777): 603–4. doi:10.1136/bmj.302.6777.603. PMC 1675479. PMID 1901502.
- "New Perspectives in Chronic Psychosis". Archived from the original on 2011-07-25.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - Perkins KA, Simpson JC, Tsuang MT (May 1986). "Ten-year follow-up of drug abusers with acute or chronic psychosis". Hosp Community Psychiatry. 37 (5): 481–4. doi:10.1176/ps.37.5.481. PMID 3699715.