Salerno–Reggio di Calabria railway

The Salerno–Reggio Calabria railway (known in Italian as the ferrovia Tirrenica Meridionale, literally "the Southern Tyrrhenian railway") is the most important north–south railway connection between Sicily, Calabria and the rest of the Italian peninsula. It forms the southern section of Corridor 1 of the European Union's Trans-European high-speed rail network, which connects Berlin and Palermo. Its southern part, between Rosarno and San Lucido is also used as an RFI freight route between the Port of Gioia Tauro and the Adriatic railway.

Salerno–Reggio Calabria railway
Salerno–Reggio Calabria railway in Agropoli
Overview
Native nameFerrovia Tirrenica Meridionale
StatusOperational
OwnerRFI
Line number142
LocaleItaly
Termini
Service
TypeHeavy rail
Operator(s)Trenitalia
History
Opened1883 to 1895
Technical
Line length393 km (244 mi)
Number of tracks2
Track gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+12 in)
Electrification3000 V DC
Route map

km
53.090
Salerno
12 m
Salerno Porto
(closed 2006)
Mercatello
4 m
62+706
Pontecagnano
25 m
69.510
Montecorvino
50 m
72.793
0.000
Battipaglia
68 m
5.719
San Nicola Varco crossing loop
26 m
Sele river
13.269
Albanella
9 m
17.679
Capaccio-Roccadaspide
23 m
21.322
Paestum
17 m
Ogliastro Cilento
11 m
29.686
Agropoli-Castellabate
13 m
35.316
Torchiara crossing loop
103 m
41.368
Rutino crossing loop
106 m
46.775
Omignano-Salento
42 m
50.069
Vallo della Lucania-Castelnuovo
25 m
Casal Velino
12 m
58.684
Velia
(closed 1936)[1]
60.697
Ascea
12 m
Ascea deviation
Pisciotta-Palinuro
Caprioli
Ascea deviation
74.558
San Mauro la Bruca crossing loop
78 m
78.808
Centola-Palinuro-Marina di Camerota
60 m
83.344
Celle Bulgheria-Roccagloriosa
75 m
90.942
Torre Orsaia
39 m
96.041
Policastro Bussentino
8 m
98.000
Capitello
(closed)
20 m
101.558
Vibonati
(closed)
10 m
104.798
Sapri
9 m
111.092
Acquafredda
55 m
117.104
Maratea
88 m
121.679
Marina di Maratea
(closed 1916)[2]
40 m
129.281
Praja-Ajeta-Tortora
8 m
Scalea deviation
San Nicola Arcella
Scalea-Santa Domenica Talao
Scalea deviation
145.301
Marcellina-Verbicaro-Orsomarso
27 m
148.363
Grisolia-Santa Maria
22 m
151.897
Cirella-Maierà
(closed 2010)
10 m
155.661
Diamante-Buonvicino
21 m
163.061
Belvedere Marittimo
9 m
165.924
Sangineto
(closed 2010)
10 m
169.834
Capo Bonifati
14 m
177.895
Cetraro
10 m
181.147
Acquappesa
10 m
184.386
Guardia Piemontese Terme
8 m
191.104
Fuscaldo
10 m
197.001
Paola
10 m
to Cosenza (from the north)
from Cosenza (to the south)
old line to Cosenza, closed 1987
202.268
San Lucido Marina
9 m
206.386
Torremezzo di Falconara
209.853
Fiumefreddo Bruzio
9 m
213.742
Longobardi
9 m
218.993
Belmonte Calabro
10 m
222.351
Amantea
8 m
229.946
Campora-San Giovanni-Serra Ajello
7 m
236.431
Nocera Terinese
5 m
242.165
Falerna
6 m
249.832
Gizzeria Lido
5 m
253.871
Lamezia Terme Centrale
26 m
260.681
San Pietro a Maida-Maida
22 m
264.089
Curinga
32 m
268.391
Eccellente, crossing loop
old line to Tropea
Angitola river
282.321
Vibo Valentia – Pizzo
287.167
Stefanaconi tunnel
293.295
Francica tunnel
300.792
Mileto
Left arrowold line from Tropea, crossing loop
Right arrowfrom the port of Gioia Tauro-San Ferdinando
313.689
Rosarno
18 m
Eranova
37 m
323.574
Gioia Tauro (FC) / Gioia Tauro (RFI)
31 m
FC line to Sinopoli, closed 2011
viaduct
Taureana di Palmi
84 m
331.945
Palmi
85 m
342.384
Bagnara
18 m
347.285
Favazzina
21 m
351.478
Scilla
12 m
356.878
Villa San Giovanni-Cannitello
9 m
360.102
Villa San Giovanni
6 m
Villa San Giovanni Mare
link to the port of Villa San Giovanni,
connecting to Sicily
361.945
Villa San Giovanni Bolano
(closed in 2010)
363.800
Reggio Calabria Catona
12 m
366.350
Reggio Calabria Gallico
13 m
368.128
Reggio Calabria Archi
17 m
369.168
Reggio Calabria Pentimele
(opened in 2016)[3]
371.003
Reggio Calabria Santa Caterina
(opened in 1989)[4])
11 m
372.489
Reggio Calabria Lido
8 m
374.190
Reggio Calabria Centrale
6 m

Eccellente-Rosarno (via Tropea) section


from Salerno
0.000
P.M. Eccellente
new line to Rosarno
3.845
Francavilla Angitola-Filadelfia
8 m
Prangi
12.048
Pizzo
9 m
15.167
Vibo Marina RFI / Vibo Marina FCL
5 m
19.136
Trainiti crossing loop
23.802
Briatico
27 m
28.745
Zambrone
53 m
34.703
Parghelia
71 m
37.784
Tropea
83 m
41.065
Santa Domenica
45.234
Ricadi
76 m
Coccorino
63 m
53.561
Joppolo
50 m
58.848
Nicotera
57 m
former Medma crossing loop
new line from Eccellente
67.299
Rosarno
18 m
to Reggio Calabria
km
Source: Italian railway atlas[5]

The line is characterised by a track mostly close to the coast and is used by all categories of trains coming from Naples, Rome and other northern cities headed for Calabria, Sicily and on the initial section to Battipaglia, to Potenza. It also handles similar traffic in the opposite direction.

History

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The Battipaglia-Reggio Calabria railway, which, due to the difficult terrain of the regions crossed, required long viaducts and tunnels, like the lines in Liguria, was built between 1883 and 1895 as a single-track line, operated with steam traction, after the east coast north–south railway via Metaponto and the Ionian Railway (ferrovia Jonica, Reggio–CatanzaroCrotoneTaranto). The Victor Emmanuel Railway Company (Società Vittorio Emanuele), which had obtained a concession for the construction and operation of the Calabrian and Sicilian railways in 1866 under 1865 legislation for the reorganisation of the railways, had completed the construction of the Ionian Railway from Reggio Calabria and Taranto in 1875, when the two section were connected in Crotone. This allowed travel by rail from Naples to Reggio Calabria, but over a very long route. From Battipaglia it was necessary to go to Metaponto via Potenza and then reverse direction and travel along the coast over the whole of the Ionian line in Basilicata and Calabria. The length of this route was extended not only by the deviation to the east but because the line almost slavishly followed the Ionian coast of Calabria, which is longer than the Tyrrhenian coast. For this reason, many parties requested the construction of line on the shorter Tyrrhenian route. Already, in 1861, the Minister Peruzzi had stated that the connection would be very useful for Calabria and Sicily and, in 1870, the Chamber of Deputies of the Kingdom of Italy authorised the government to proceed with its construction.

Route studies were carried out by engineer Giordano, who proposed a route from Eboli through Cilento and the Vallo della Lucania to Sapri and Maratea, and engineer Gargiulo, who preferred a shorter inland route through the Vallo di Diano and the valley of the Noce ending at Castrocucco (south of Maratea). The choice was not easy and there were heated clashes in Parliament between the deputies representing Basilicata and Campania until the passing of the Baccarini Law in 1879. Given the recognised importance of the line, both routes were included in table "A" of the legislation, which were to be built at the full cost of the state.

The use of the railway for the transport of citrus fruit began to increase in those years, due to the introduction of concessionary rate for its transport to stimulate its production. New agreements had also been entered into with France, Austria-Hungary and Switzerland, and the citrus trade began to move from the Americas to the centre of Europe, thus shifting from sea to rail transport.

Section Opening[6]
BattipagliaAgropoli 4 June 1883
Reggio di CalabriaVilla San Giovanni 19 May 1884
Villa San Giovanni–Scilla 28 December 1885
Scilla–Bagnara 26 April 1886
Agropoli–Vallo della Lucania 4 May 1887
Bagnara–Palmi 31 December 1888
Palmi–Gioia Tauro (provisional) 3 February 1889
Vallo della Lucania–Pisciotta 30 June 1889
Gioia Tauro (provisional)–Gioia Tauro 27 November 1890
Gioia Tauro–Nicotera 21 December 1891
Nicotera–Ricadi 1 January 1893
Ricadi–Pizzo 6 June 1894
Pisciotta–Praja 30 July 1894
Pizzo–Gizzeria Lido 15 November 1894
Praja–Gizzeria Lido 31 July 1895
 
Panoramic view of Sapri; the railway track is visible on the side of the hill; it reaches the station in the background on the right after a wide curve
 
The Tyrrhenian passing through Cannitello on the Strait of Messina

The completion of the Battipaglia–Reggio Calabria railway line would have made rail transport faster and therefore more convenient; however, the bankruptcy of the Vittorio Emanuele Company in 1872 and the reassignment of responsibility for the completion of the Calabrian network to the Società per le Strade Ferrate del Mediterraneo (Mediterranean Railway Company), did not allow a rapid start of the planned works. The reorganisation of the railways was expected under the law and conventions of 1885, which confirmed the assignment of the network to the Mediterranean Railway Company, enabling the projects to be restarted quickly. Only the 50 km (31 mi)-long Battipaglia–AgropoliVallo della Lucania section and the 29 km (18 mi)-long Reggio Calabria–Bagnara section were built between 1883 and 1887. In the meantime construction of the line along the Vallo di Diano route began very slowly, reaching only as far as the section between Sicignano degli Alburni and Lagonegro in 1892 but not continuing any further.

In 1887, the railway was completed in the section between Nicotera and Gioia Tauro and, in 1888, it was extended to Bagnara, but it was not until 1894 that Nicotera was connected with Pizzo and Sant'Eufemia Marina, which was renamed Lamezia Terme in 1968.

In 1895, after 20 years of work, the Battipaglia–Paola–Reggio Calabria railway was completed. This required very extensive engineering works, with the excavation of numerous long tunnels between Agropoli and Scalea and between Palmi and Villa San Giovanni and also long viaducts, especially in the central parts, in order to reduce the grades that otherwise would have been too steep. Trains only required double heading and a bank engine added in the rear between Agropoli and Vallo della Lucania.

The Tyrrhenian line immediately proved to be the fastest and most economical means of transport and had a continuous and constant increase in freight and passenger traffic. The transport service was superior to those offered by the steam ships that carried the coastal traffic between the small ports of the Calabrian region and those of Salerno and Naples, the stagecoaches for the carriage of passengers and the very slow animal-hauled wagons.

As a result of the railway, new employment and new industrial centres were created, such as Paola and Sant'Eufemia-Lamezia, which would become the starting point for the planned transversal lines to Catanzaro and Cosenza, as well as to Gioia Tauro, with the construction of an east–west line of the 950 mm (3 ft 1+38 in) Calabro Lucane railways. Tourist developments, such as the spa of Terme Luigiane in Acquappesa for which the Guardia Piemontese station was built, as well as hotels in Paola and Sapri, and freight yards, stations, locomotive depots at Sapri, Paola, Sant'Eufemia and maintenance workshops in Paola. However, a link between Cosenza and Nocera Terinese, which would have linked the Ionian and Tyrrhenian seas by connecting to the already built Cosenza-Sibari railway, creating a useful east–west link between the Adriatic-Ionian line and the south, was not realised, although it had been authorised in the Baccarini Law of 1879.

As early as 1908, the municipal administrations and notables from the Taurese district held meetings to promote the construction of the projected Gioia Tauro–Gioiosa Ionica railway and branches. The government approved the construction of the railway by decree no. 135 of 26 January 1911, but as a narrow-gauge line. The first 13 km section was completed between Gioia Tauro, Palmi and Seminara tn 1917 and it was extended to Sinopoli in 1928.

The construction of the Gioia Tauro–Rizziconi–Radicena (Taurianova) trunk line, continuing to Cittanova, was authorised by Royal Decree no. 2119 of 24 July 1919. The line was inaugurated and later extended to Cinquefrondi on 1 June 1924. Nevertheless, the connection between the two seas was never completed.

 
Railcar ALn1900, coming from Cosenza via a rack railway line, arriving at Paola station in 1971

Between 1907 and 1911, work began on the construction of the Paola–Cosenza railway, using the Strub rack system. This branched off in Castiglione Cosentino to Cosenza and Sibari, where it met the Ionian line to Metaponto and Taranto. A few years later, San Giovanni in Fiore and Catanzaro were connected to Cosenza, but the use of narrow gauge severely limited the lines' performance and usefulness.

The connection to the Port of Salerno, which branched off from the line a few tens of metres before entering Salerno station, was inaugurated in 1925 and was in use until 2006.[7]

In 1939, the electrification was completed up to Reggio Calabria. The 1,310 km (810 mi)-long electrified route from Milan was considered a work of great importance at the time and had required the use of 691 electric locomotives, made up of three classes, E.626, E.326 and E.428.

In 1961, the double track between the Gioia Tauro and Villa San Giovanni stations was activated; as part of the work, the stations of Taureana, Palmi, Bagnara and Favazzina were rebuilt with the erection of new station buildings[8]

In the sixties, the line had reached saturation following a substantial increase in passenger and freight traffic, especially of foodstuffs coming from Sicily; this required the doubling of the track, which was implemented through the widening of the existing right of ways and tunnels, the construction of deviations and the construction of viaducts and long tunnels, especially on the routes between Agropoli and Praia a Mare and between Palmi and Villa San Giovanni. The first cycle of strengthening works ended at the end of the sixties.

In the seventies, the second phase of structural strengthening was carried out with the construction of two sections that formed complete deviations from the old route: the Praia–Scalea section, which is almost entirely in a new double track tunnel, was opened at the end of 1970 and the so-called direttissima (Italian for "most direct") between Rosarno and Lamezia (then called Sant'Eufemia-Lametia), which rejoined the old route at the Eccellente crossing loop with the creation of a junction, was opened in 1972. This route required the excavation of long tunnels and the construction of the long and imposing Angitola Viaduct, an impressive piece of engineering designed by the Neapolitan engineer Alberto Petrillo. The old route passing through Pizzo Calabro, Tropea and Nicotera was not abandoned, but remained a single track and used for regional or medium-distance traffic, without being improved in any way despite its considerable tourist potential.

The next series of works was aimed at strengthening the east–west connections: the new 20.5 km (12.7 mi)-long Paola–Cosenza railway went into operation on 31 May 1987 together with the new Cosenza railway station passing below the old "Crocetta" pass over the Apennine chain through the 15.332 km (9.527 mi)-long Monte Santomarco Tunnel. The new railway, in addition to benefiting the travellers and commuters of the area, had the function of creating a new alternative route for connections between Sicily, Calabria, Apulia and the Adriatic regions and overall between the south and the north.

Work on the Lamezia–Catanzaro east-west line started in the nineties and was finished in 2008 with the construction of a deviation and the new Catanzaro station.

The whole line is affected by planning to integrate it in Corridor 1 (Berlin–Palermo) of the Trans-European high-speed rail network. While the quadruplication of the initial stretch between Salerno and Battipaglia is almost complete, there is uncertainty over choosing between the construction of major route deviations or the upgrading of the current route, starting from the most problematic part of the Campania-Basilicata section, through the Cilento to the mouth of the Noce-Castrocucco.

On 12 December 2010, the stations of Eccellente, Rutino, San Mauro la Bruca, San Nicola Varco and Torchiara were downgraded to crossing loops; at the same time the stations of Cirella, Sangineto, San Nicola Arcella and Villa San Giovanni Bolano were closed.[9]

Features

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The Battipaglia–Reggio Calabria railway was built with a single track and operated with steam traction. It was connected to the existing Salerno–Battipaglia–Potenza railway but soon became one of the main axes of north–south rail traffic, with rolling stock also continuing across the Strait of Messina by ferry.

It was electrified in the thirties at 3,000 volts DC. Doubling of the track and raising of line speeds started after the war. During the 1960s, the new tracks between Battipaglia and Praia a Mare, Scalea and Eccellente, Rosarno and Villa San Giovanni were progressively opened. At the beginning of the 1970s, the connecting double-track section between Scalea and Praia a Mare was opened and a few years later the connecting double-track section between Rosarno and Eccellente was also opened. The doubling of the last stretch between Villa San Giovanni and Reggio Calabria had to wait much longer.

The Port of Gioia Tauro is connected to the line and has a railway yard with six sets of tracks, which allows the loading of six trains at a time and the operation of train-loads of containers on the national RFI network.

Automatic block with coded currents is implemented between Battipaglia and Reggio Calabria and automatic block signaling with axle counters (blocco elettrico conta-assi) is implemented between Eccellente and Rosarno. Centralized traffic control (C.T.C.) is used on both sections of line.

The stations of the Rosarno–Reggio Calabria section are also served by a suburban rail service.

Route

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Almost all of the line runs on the Calabria-Basilicata-Campania coast and long stretches pass through tunnel. Because of the difficult orography in the sections running through Basilicata and central Campania and in southern Calabrian, the two tracks do not run parallel in some places but use different tunnels or bridges.

A new line that was double-track and shorter was built between Eccellente and Rosarno. This means there are now two different lines: the direttissima, a double-track route passing through Vibo Valentia and Mileto, and the old single-track line via Pizzo Calabro, Tropea and Nicotera.

Trains are loaded at the port of Villa San Giovanni for the voyage to Sicily and to continue over the Palermo–Messina and the Messina–Syracuse railways.

See also

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References

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Footnotes

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  1. ^ Traffic notice (in Italian) (52). Ferrovie dello Stato. 1936.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (link)
  2. ^ Traffic notice (in Italian) (64). Ferrovie dello Stato. 1916.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (link)
  3. ^ "RC 7". Circolare territoriale (in Italian). Rete Ferroviaria Italiana. 2016.
  4. ^ "Notizie flash". I Treni Oggi (in Italian) (97): 10. October 1989.
  5. ^ Railway Atlas 2017, pp. 83, 88, 94, 96, 98, 105, 154.
  6. ^ Prospetto cronologico 1926.
  7. ^ Serafino, Rosario. "Il Raccordo Salerno—Salerno Porto Commerciale" (in Italian). www.lestradeferrate.it. Archived from the original on 22 August 2017. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
  8. ^ Traffic Notice (in Italian) (100). Ferrovie dello Stato. 1961.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (link)
  9. ^ "Impianti FS". I Treni (in Italian) (333): 6–7. January 2011.

Sources

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