Rosalia Samoilovna Zemlyachka, née Zalkind (Russian: Розалия Самойловна Землячка; 20 March 1876 – 21 January 1947) was a Russian revolutionary and Soviet politician.[1] As a revolutionary, she was best known by the alias Zemlyachka, though she also used the party pseudonyms 'Demon' and 'Osipov', and her married name was Samoilova.
Rosalia Zemlyachka | |
|---|---|
Розалия Землячка | |
 Zemlyachka c. 1900s | |
| Born | Rosalia Samoilovna Zalkind 20 March 1876 |
| Died | 21 January 1947 (aged 70) |
| Resting place | Kremlin Wall Necropolis, Moscow |
| Nationality | Russian |
| Alma mater | University of Lyon |
| Occupation | Politician |
| Known for | Marxist revolutionary |
| Office | Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissariat |
Biography
editRosalia Zalkind was born in Kyiv, (Kiev) the daughter of a wealthy, First Guild merchant, Samuil Markovich Zalkind.[2] She was educated in a girls' gymnasium in Kiev, and later at the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Lyon. From age of 17, she was involved in revolutionary activities. A member of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party since 1898, Zemlyachka worked in Odessa and Yekaterinoslav as an agent for the Iskra newspaper, founded by Vladimir Lenin and Julius Martov.
Zemlyachka was a delegate to the Second Congress of the RSDLP, which convened in Brussels in July 1903, but she was arrested by the Belgian police and deported.[3] When the RSDLP split into factions, she joined the Bolsheviks. She continued to support Lenin when he appeared to be losing control of the Bolsheviks, who wanted to bring about a reconciliation of the factions of the RSDLP. In July 1904, she travelled to Geneva for the conference of hard line Bolsheviks who formed the 'Bureau of Majority Committees', the forerunner of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, to which she was elected, under the name 'Demon', on Lenin's recommendation. Afterwards she returned to Russia to build the Bolshevik organisation, visiting St Petersburg, Georgia, and Baku.[4]
In December 1905, she was in Moscow at the time of the Moscow uprising. After its failure, she insisted on a purge of the Moscow Bolshevik organisation.[5] She was arrested in 1906, but escaped from a police station. She was arrested several times, and in October 1907 was imprisoned in the Lithuania Castle in St Petersburg.[2] After her release in 1909, she was briefly the secretary of the Bolshevik organisation in Baku, before emigrating. She returned to Russia illegally in 1914, and took charge of illegal transport across the Finnish border. In 1915-16 she was the secretary of the Moscow party organisation.
After the February Revolution, Zemlyachka was appointed the secretary of the Moscow party committee. During the Bolshevik Revolution, she directed the armed uprising in the Rogozhsk-Simonovsky district of Moscow. In 1918, she supported the 'Left Communists', who opposed the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. During the Russian Civil War, when she served as a military commissar on the southern front, she supported the 'military opposition', who objected to the deployment of former officers of the Imperial Russian Army.
Massacre of the 'Wrangelites'
editZemlyachka was appointed secretary of the Crimean party committee in November 1920, when the last White Army left in the war, commanded by Baron Wrangel, was evacuating the peninsula. Leaflets were dropped by aeroplane over Sevastopol, the last city held by the Whites, which offered an amnesty to those who surrendered to the Red Army. They were signed in the name of the former commander-in-chief of the Imperial Army, General Aleksei Brusilov, who was persuaded to go to Crimea to supervise their surrender by the Deputy People's Commissar for War, Ephraim Sklyansky.[6]
Before Brusilov set out, a local decision was made to massacre those who had surrendered. The order to carry out this massacre was signed by the Chairman of the Crimean revolutionary committee, Béla Kun, Zemlyachka, and the head of the Crimean cheka, Semyon Dukelsky[7] According to the historian Donald Rayfield, Kun and Zemlyachka were lovers, and she was "a Cheka sadist who tied the officers in pairs to planks and burned them alive in furnaces or drowned them in barges that she sank offshore.[8] Estimates vary of the number killed, which may have been 70,000.[9] Social scientist, Nikolay Zayats, from the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus has disputed the large, “fantastic” estimates and attributed this to eyewitness accounts and White army emigre press. A Crimean Cheka report in 1921 showed that 441 people were shot with a modern estimation that 5,000-12,000 people in total were executed in Crimea.[10]
Later career
edit
Between 1921-24, Zemlyachka was the secretary of the Zamoskvoretsky district committee, Moscow. In 1924, she was sent to South East Russia. In 1925-26, she was the secretary of the Motovilikhsky district party committee, in Perm. Between 1924 and 1934, she was a member of the Central Control Commission. In 1926, she became a member of the collegium of Rabkrin and the head of its complaints bureau. According to a tribute written to mark the 110th anniversary of her birth, she involved hundreds of workers and party members in her campaigns against bureaucracy. She became so well known as "the scourge of bureaucrats and red-tape mongers" that a letter reached her from the provinces with the address 'Moscow, Comrade Zemlyachka'. In February 1934, she was appointed the head of the Transport Commission of the Soviet Control Commission, the successor organisation to Rabkrin.[2]
As one of the Old Bolsheviks to survive the Great Purge, Zemlyachka received a major promotion in May 1939, when she was appointed Chairman of the Soviet Control Commission and a Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union.[11] She is the only woman to have served at this level in the Stalinist period, and the first woman to be decorated with the Order of the Red Banner.
Ethnicity
editNumerous sources, including the Russian version of Wikipedia[12] say that Zemlyachka was born into a Jewish family. On the other hand, there is no reference to her being a Jew in the authoritative sources cited in the Chronos website.[2] Notably, her major promotion, which made her the most prominent woman in the Soviet government, was announced in the same month - May 1939 - that the Jewish People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs, Maxim Litvinov was sacked, because "Stalin was obviously thinking of a Soviet-German Pact. Litvinov, with his Jewish background, could not possibly negotiate such agreement."[13]
Zemlyachka died on 21 January 1947 in Moscow. Her ashes were buried at the Kremlin Wall Necropolis.
Notes
edit- ^ "A Fiery Bolshevik: The 110th Anniversary of the Birth of R.S.Zemlyachka". Pravda. 1 April 1986.
- ^ a b c d "Землячка Розалия Самойловна 1876-1947 Биографиеческий указатель". Chronos. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
- ^ Krupskaya, Nadezhda (Lenin's widow) (1970). Memories of Lenin. Panther. p. 86.
- ^ Shwarz, Soloman M. (1967). The Russian Revolution of 1905, The Workers' Movement and the Formation of Bolshevism and Menshevism. Chicago: Chicago U.P. pp. 53–54, 218, 257–59.
- ^ Keep, J.H.L. (1963). The Rise of Social Democracy in Russia. Oxford: Clarendon. pp. 248, 265–66.
- ^ Figes, Orlando (1997). A People's Tragedy, The Russian Revolution, 18891-1924. London: Pimlico. p. 720. ISBN 0-7126-7327-X.
- ^ "История карательных органов СССР > Антигерои карательных органов СССР > Дукельский С.С.(History of the USSR Punitive Bodies > Antiheroes of the USSR Punitive Bodies > Dukelsky S.S.)". Правозащитники против пыток. Retrieved 4 October 2020.
- ^ Donald Rayfield. Stalin and His Hangmen: The Tyrant and Those Who Killed for Him. New York: Random House, 2004; p. 83
- ^ Robert Gellately (2007). Lenin, Stalin and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe. Knopf. p. 72. ISBN 1-4000-4005-1.
- ^ Zayats, Nikolay. "On the scale of the Red Terror during the Civil War". scepsis.net.
- ^ "Поиск по документам XX века: Об утверждении Указа Президиума Верховного Совета СССР о назначении тов. Землячки Р. С. Председателем Комиссии Советского Контроля и Заместителем Председателя Совета Народных Комиссаров СССР. (31 мая 1939 г.)". Документы ХХ века. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
- ^ "Землячка, Розалия Самойловна". ВикипедиЯ. Retrieved 29 September 2024.
- ^ Solyma, Laszlo. "Maxim Litvinov: Stalin's only good guy?". The Article. Retrieved 29 September 2024.
- Barbara Evans Clements, Bolshevik Women. Cambridge University Press, 1997, ISBN 9780521599207